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Positive-unlabeled learning refers to the process of training a binary classifier using only positive and unlabeled data. Although unlabeled data can contain positive data, all unlabeled data are regarded as negative data in existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-09 Daiki Tanaka , Daiki Ikami , Kiyoharu Aizawa

Positive-Unlabeled (PU) learning aims to learn a model with rare positive samples and abundant unlabeled samples. Compared with classical binary classification, the task of PU learning is much more challenging due to the existence of many…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Chengming Xu , Chen Liu , Siqian Yang , Yabiao Wang , Shijie Zhang , Lijie Jia , Yanwei Fu

Positive-unlabeled (PU) learning trains a binary classifier using only positive and unlabeled data. A common simplifying assumption is that the positive data is representative of the target positive class. This assumption rarely holds in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-10 Zayd Hammoudeh , Daniel Lowd

Positive-Unlabeled (PU) learning tries to learn binary classifiers from a few labeled positive examples with many unlabeled ones. Compared with ordinary semi-supervised learning, this task is much more challenging due to the absence of any…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-07 Yunrui Zhao , Qianqian Xu , Yangbangyan Jiang , Peisong Wen , Qingming Huang

Self-supervised pretraining on unlabeled data followed by supervised fine-tuning on labeled data is a popular paradigm for learning from limited labeled examples. We extend this paradigm to the classical positive unlabeled (PU) setting,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Anish Acharya , Sujay Sanghavi , Li Jing , Bhargav Bhushanam , Dhruv Choudhary , Michael Rabbat , Inderjit Dhillon

Positive-unlabeled (PU) learning is a weakly supervised binary classification problem, in which the goal is to learn a binary classifier from only positive and unlabeled data, without access to negative data. In recent years, many PU…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Wei Wang , Dong-Dong Wu , Ming Li , Jingxiong Zhang , Gang Niu , Masashi Sugiyama

Planning for a wide range of real-world tasks necessitates to know and write all constraints. However, instances exist where these constraints are either unknown or challenging to specify accurately. A possible solution is to infer the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-17 Baiyu Peng , Aude Billard

Learning from positive and unlabeled data or PU learning is the setting where a learner only has access to positive examples and unlabeled data. The assumption is that the unlabeled data can contain both positive and negative examples. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-19 Jessa Bekker , Jesse Davis

Learning from positive and unlabeled (PU) data is a setting where the learner only has access to positive and unlabeled samples while having no information on negative examples. Such PU setting is of great importance in various tasks such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Emilio Dorigatti , Jonas Schweisthal , Bernd Bischl , Mina Rezaei

Positive unlabeled (PU) learning is useful in various practical situations, where there is a need to learn a classifier for a class of interest from an unlabeled data set, which may contain anomalies as well as samples from unknown classes.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-08-17 Emanuele Sansone , Francesco G. B. De Natale , Zhi-Hua Zhou

PU (Positive Unlabeled) learning is a variant of supervised classification learning in which the only labels revealed to the learner are of positively labeled instances. PU learning arises in many real-world applications. Most existing work…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Farnam Mansouri , Shai Ben-David

Learning from positive and unlabeled data (PU learning) is a weakly supervised variant of binary classification in which the learner receives labels only for (some) positively labeled instances, while all other examples remain unlabeled.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Farnam Mansouri , Sandra Zilles , Shai Ben-David

PU learning refers to the classification problem in which only part of positive samples are labeled. Existing PU learning methods treat unlabeled samples equally. However, in many real tasks, from common sense or domain knowledge, some…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Puning Zhao , Jintao Deng , Xu Cheng

Positive and Unlabeled (PU) learning, a binary classification model trained with only positive and unlabeled data, generally suffers from overfitted risk estimation due to inconsistent data distributions. To address this, we introduce a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-10 Chengjie Wang , Chengming Xu , Zhenye Gan , Jianlong Hu , Wenbing Zhu , Lizhuag Ma

Positive-unlabeled learning (PUL) aims at learning a binary classifier from only positive and unlabeled training data. Even though real-world applications often involve imbalanced datasets where the majority of examples belong to one class,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-03-12 Emilio Dorigatti , Jann Goschenhofer , Benjamin Schubert , Mina Rezaei , Bernd Bischl

Many real-world applications have to tackle the Positive-Unlabeled (PU) learning problem, i.e., learning binary classifiers from a large amount of unlabeled data and a few labeled positive examples. While current state-of-the-art methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-23 Xuxi Chen , Wuyang Chen , Tianlong Chen , Ye Yuan , Chen Gong , Kewei Chen , Zhangyang Wang

We present a novel approach to learn binary classifiers when only positive and unlabeled instances are available (PU learning). This problem is routinely cast as a supervised task with label noise in the negative set. We use an ensemble of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-02-13 Marc Claesen , Frank De Smet , Johan A. K. Suykens , Bart De Moor

Learning binary classifiers only from positive and unlabeled (PU) data is an important and challenging task in many real-world applications, including web text classification, disease gene identification and fraud detection, where negative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-01 Hui Chen , Fangqing Liu , Yin Wang , Liyue Zhao , Hao Wu

Positive--Unlabeled (PU) learning considers settings in which only positive and unlabeled data are available, while negatives are missing or left unlabeled. This situation is common in real applications where annotating reliable negatives…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Miao Zhang , Junpeng Li , Changchun Hua , Yana Yang

Positive Unlabeled (PU) learning is widely used in many applications, where a binary classifier is trained on the datasets consisting of only positive and unlabeled samples. In this paper, we improve PU learning over state-of-the-art from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-22 Liwei Jiang , Dan Li , Qisheng Wang , Shuai Wang , Songtao Wang
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