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Watermarking generative-AI systems, such as LLMs, has gained considerable interest, driven by their enhanced capabilities across a wide range of tasks. Although current approaches have demonstrated that small, context-dependent shifts in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-29 Piotr Molenda , Adian Liusie , Mark J. F. Gales

In this work, we introduce a novel deep learning-based approach to text-in-image watermarking, a method that embeds and extracts textual information within images to enhance data security and integrity. Leveraging the capabilities of deep…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Bishwa Karki , Chun-Hua Tsai , Pei-Chi Huang , Xin Zhong

We study multi-bit watermarking for data generated by stochastic processes, where a hidden message is embedded during sampling and must be decodable by an authorized detector that possesses side information unavailable to unauthorized…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Haiyun He , Yepeng Liu , Zhuoer Shen , Ziqiao Wang , Yongyi Mao , Yuheng Bu

As open-source large language models (LLMs) like Llama3 become more capable, it is crucial to develop watermarking techniques to detect their potential misuse. Existing watermarking methods either add watermarks during LLM inference, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Yijie Xu , Aiwei Liu , Xuming Hu , Lijie Wen , Hui Xiong

LLM watermarking, which embeds imperceptible yet algorithmically detectable signals in model outputs to identify LLM-generated text, has become crucial in mitigating the potential misuse of large language models. However, the abundance of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Leyi Pan , Aiwei Liu , Zhiwei He , Zitian Gao , Xuandong Zhao , Yijian Lu , Binglin Zhou , Shuliang Liu , Xuming Hu , Lijie Wen , Irwin King , Philip S. Yu

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have highlighted the risk of misusing them, raising the need for accurate detection of LLM-generated content. In response, a viable solution is to inject imperceptible identifiers into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Minjia Mao , Dongjun Wei , Zeyu Chen , Xiao Fang , Michael Chau

Watermarking technology has gained significant attention due to the increasing importance of intellectual property (IP) rights, particularly with the growing deployment of large language models (LLMs) on billions resource-constrained edge…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Qingxiao Guo , Xinjie Zhu , Yilong Ma , Hui Jin , Yunhao Wang , Weifeng Zhang , Xiaobing Guo

The widespread use of Large Language Models (LLMs) in text generation has raised increasing concerns about intellectual property disputes. Watermarking techniques, which embed meta information into AI-generated content (AIGC), have the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Shangkun Che , Silin Du , Ge Gao

Deep neural networks have recently achieved significant progress. Sharing trained models of these deep neural networks is very important in the rapid progress of researching or developing deep neural network systems. At the same time, it is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-02-07 Yusuke Uchida , Yuki Nagai , Shigeyuki Sakazawa , Shin'ichi Satoh

Motivated by the problem of detecting AI-generated text, we consider the problem of watermarking the output of language models with provable guarantees. We aim for watermarks which satisfy: (a) undetectability, a cryptographic notion…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Noah Golowich , Ankur Moitra

Large language models (LLMs) have show great ability in various natural language tasks. However, there are concerns that LLMs are possible to be used improperly or even illegally. To prevent the malicious usage of LLMs, detecting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Jie Ren , Han Xu , Yiding Liu , Yingqian Cui , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Jiliang Tang

Video watermarking is extensively used in many media-oriented applications for embedding watermarks, i.e. hidden digital data, in a video sequence to protect the video from illegal copying and to identify manipulations made in the video. In…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2016-12-15 Poorna Banerjee Dasgupta

Watermarking the outputs of large language models (LLMs) is critical for provenance tracing, content regulation, and model accountability. Existing approaches often rely on access to model internals or are constrained by static rules and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Agnibh Dasgupta , Abdullah Tanvir , Xin Zhong

Watermarking (WM) is a critical mechanism for detecting and attributing AI-generated content. Current WM methods for Large Language Models (LLMs) are predominantly tailored for autoregressive (AR) models: They rely on tokens being generated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Ofek Raban , Ethan Fetaya , Gal Chechik

Since ChatGPT was introduced in November 2022, embedding (nearly) unnoticeable statistical signals into text generated by large language models (LLMs), also known as watermarking, has been used as a principled approach to provable detection…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-08-28 Xiang Li , Feng Ruan , Huiyuan Wang , Qi Long , Weijie J. Su

Recent advances in large language models have raised wide concern in generating abundant plausible source code without scrutiny, and thus tracing the provenance of code emerges as a critical issue. To solve the issue, we propose CodeMark, a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Wei Li , Borui Yang , Yujie Sun , Suyu Chen , Ziyun Song , Liyao Xiang , Xinbing Wang , Chenghu Zhou

We present the first in depth study on the robustness of existing watermarking techniques applied to code generated by large language models (LLMs). As LLMs increasingly contribute to software development, watermarking has emerged as a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Tarun Suresh , Shubham Ugare , Gagandeep Singh , Sasa Misailovic

With the rise of Machine Learning as a Service (MLaaS) platforms,safeguarding the intellectual property of deep learning models is becoming paramount. Among various protective measures, trigger set watermarking has emerged as a flexible and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Hongyu Zhu , Sichu Liang , Wentao Hu , Fangqi Li , Ju Jia , Shilin Wang

This paper introduces EmMark,a novel watermarking framework for protecting the intellectual property (IP) of embedded large language models deployed on resource-constrained edge devices. To address the IP theft risks posed by malicious…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Ruisi Zhang , Farinaz Koushanfar

Watermarking techniques offer a promising way to identify machine-generated content via embedding covert information into the contents generated from language models (LMs). However, the robustness of the watermarking schemes has not been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Ruibo Chen , Yihan Wu , Junfeng Guo , Heng Huang