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Quantum key distribution (QKD) is the first quantum information task to reach the level of mature technology, already fit for commercialization. It aims at the creation of a secret key between authorized partners connected by a quantum…

Establishing secure communication links at a global scale is a major potential application of quantum information science but also extremely challenging for the underlying technology. While milestone experiments using satellite-to-ground…

Twin-field quantum key distribution (TF-QKD) elevates the secure key rate from a linear to a square-root dependence on channel loss while preserving measurement-device-independent security. This protocol is uniquely positioned to enable…

Security of modern classical data encryption often relies on computationally hard problems, which can be trivialized with the advent of quantum computers. A potential remedy for this is quantum communication which takes advantage of the…

The use of quantum cryptography in everyday applications has gained attention in both industrial and academic fields. Due to advancements in quantum electronics, practical quantum devices are already available in the market, and ready for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Pankaj Kumar , Neel Kanth Kundu , Binayak Kar

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) via satellite offers up the possibility of unconditionally secure communications on a global scale. Increasing the secret key rate in such systems, via photonic engineering at the source, is a topic of much…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-10-31 Mingjian He , Robert Malaney , Jonathan Green

Quantum key distribution (QKD) constitutes the most widespread family of information preservation techniques in the context of Quantum Cryptography. However, these techniques must deal with a series of technological challenges that prevent…

General Physics · Physics 2022-05-06 Mario Mastriani

In satellite-based quantum key distribution (QKD), the number of secret bits that can be generated in a single satellite pass over the ground station is severely restricted by the pass duration and the free-space optical channel loss. High…

In this paper, we investigate the optimization of global quantum communication through satellite constellations. We address the challenge of quantum key distribution (QKD) across vast distances and the limitations posed by terrestrial…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-03 Yichen Gao , Guanqun Song , Ting Zhu

Quantum key distribution (QKD) uses the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics to share unconditionally secure keys between distant users. Previous works based on the quantum science satellite "Micius" have initially demonstrated the…

Quantum-secured optical channels based on Quantum Key Distribution technology have generated a significant global interest. Although the maturity level of the short distance (less than 100 km) quantum-secured channels is at a deployment…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-22 Farzam Toudeh-Fallah

Sensitive digital data, such as health information or governmental archives, are often stored for decades or centuries. The processing of such data calls for long-term security. Secure channels on the Internet require robust key…

Quantum key distribution is widely thought to offer unconditional security in communication between two users. Unfortunately, a widely accepted proof of its security in the presence of source, device and channel noises has been missing.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-31 Hoi-Kwong Lo , H. F. Chau

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a method that distributes a secret key to a sender and a receiver by the transmission of quantum particles (e.g. photons). Device-independent quantum key distribution (DIQKD) is a version of QKD with a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-27 Matthias Christandl , Roberto Ferrara , Karol Horodecki

Recent milestone experiments establishing satellite-to-ground quantum communication are paving the way for the development of the quantum internet, a network interconnected by quantum channels. Here we employ network theory to study the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-13 Samuraí Brito , Askery Canabarro , Daniel Cavalcanti , Rafael Chaves

Quantum key distribution (QKD) theoretically provides unconditional security between remote parties. However, guaranteeing practical security through device characterisation alone is challenging in real-world implementations due to the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-29 Hao Dong , Cong Jiang , Di Ma , Chi Zhang , Jia Huang , Hao Li , Li-Xing You , Yang Liu , Xiang-Bin Wang , Qiang Zhang , Jian-Wei Pan

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a technology that allows secure key exchange between two distant users. A widespread adoption of QKD requires the development of simple, low-cost, and stable systems. However, implementation of the current…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-05-12 Di Ma , Xin Liu , Chunfeng Huang , Huasheng Chen , Huanbin Lin , Kejin Wei

Digital signatures are widely used for providing security of communications. At the same time, the security of currently deployed digital signature protocols is based on unproven computational assumptions. An efficient way to ensure an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-19 E. O. Kiktenko , A. S. Zelenetsky , A. K. Fedorov

Quantum satellite communication (QSC) is emerging as a strategic technology for secure global networking and long-distance quantum connectivity. This review prioritizes the major challenges that still hinder large-scale deployment,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-05 Omar Alnaseri , Yassine Himeur , Ahmed Al Asadi , Mohammed A. Ala'anzy , Rida Gadhafi , Shadi Atalla , Wathiq Mansoor

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) networks enable unconditionally secure key exchange using quantum mechanical principles. However, routing cryptographic keys across multi-hop quantum networks introduces challenges unique to quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-20 Ivan Cvitic , Dragan Perakovic , Armando Nolasco Pinto