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We study the complexity of computing the Shapley value in games with externalities. We focus on two representations based on marginal contribution nets (embedded MC-nets and weighted MC-nets). Our results show that while weighted MC-nets…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Oskar Skibski

We discuss promising recent contributions on quantifying feature relevance using Shapley values, where we observed some confusion on which probability distribution is the right one for dropped features. We argue that the confusion is based…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-11-28 Dominik Janzing , Lenon Minorics , Patrick Blöbaum

We propose a novel definition of Shapley values with uncertain value functions based on first principles using probability theory. Such uncertain value functions can arise in the context of explainable machine learning as a result of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-03 Raoul Heese , Sascha Mücke , Matthias Jakobs , Thore Gerlach , Nico Piatkowski

The SHAP (short for Shapley additive explanation) framework has become an essential tool for attributing importance to variables in predictive tasks. In model-agnostic settings, SHAP uses the concept of Shapley values from cooperative game…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-12 Justin Whitehouse , Ayush Sawarni , Vasilis Syrgkanis

Artificial Neural Networks have shown impressive success in very different application cases. Choosing a proper network architecture is a critical decision for a network's success, usually done in a manual manner. As a straightforward…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-04-18 Julian Stier , Gabriele Gianini , Michael Granitzer , Konstantin Ziegler

Many existing approaches for estimating feature importance are problematic because they ignore or hide dependencies among features. A causal graph, which encodes the relationships among input variables, can aid in assigning feature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-01 Jiaxuan Wang , Jenna Wiens , Scott Lundberg

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) is essential for trustworthy machine learning (ML), particularly in high-stakes domains such as healthcare and finance. Shapley value (SV) methods provide a principled framework for feature…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-03 Wangxuan Fan , Siqi Li , Doudou Zhou , Yohei Okada , Chuan Hong , Molei Liu , Nan Liu

Originating in game theory, Shapley values are widely used for explaining a machine learning model's prediction by quantifying the contribution of each feature's value to the prediction. This requires a scalar prediction as in binary…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Paul-Gauthier Noé , Miquel Perelló-Nieto , Jean-François Bonastre , Peter Flach

The Shapley value (SV) and Least core (LC) are classic methods in cooperative game theory for cost/profit sharing problems. Both methods have recently been proposed as a principled solution for data valuation tasks, i.e., quantifying the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-08 Tianhao Wang , Yu Yang , Ruoxi Jia

We consider the dataset valuation problem, that is, the problem of quantifying the incremental gain, to some relevant pre-defined utility of a machine learning task, of aggregating an individual dataset to others. The Shapley value is a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Felipe Garrido-Lucero , Benjamin Heymann , Maxime Vono , Patrick Loiseau , Vianney Perchet

Shapley values are ubiquitous in interpretable Machine Learning due to their strong theoretical background and efficient implementation in the SHAP library. Computing these values previously induced an exponential cost with respect to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-06 Gabriel Laberge , Yann Pequignot

We investigate the distribution of the well-studied Shapley--Shubik values in weighted voting games where the agents are stochastically determined. The Shapley--Shubik value measures the voting power of an agent, in typical collective…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2016-01-26 Yuval Filmus , Joel Oren , Kannan Soundararajan

The presence of artificial intelligence (AI) in our society is increasing, which brings with it the need to understand the behavior of AI mechanisms, including machine learning predictive algorithms fed with tabular data, text or images,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-06 Pedro Delicado , Cristian Pachón-García

Shapley values are one of the main tools used to explain predictions of tree ensemble models. The main alternative to Shapley values are Banzhaf values that have not been understood equally well. In this paper we make a step towards filling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-10 Adam Karczmarz , Anish Mukherjee , Piotr Sankowski , Piotr Wygocki

As opaque black-box predictive models become more prevalent, the need to develop interpretations for these models is of great interest. The concept of variable importance and Shapley values are interpretability measures that applies to any…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-10 Zexuan Sun , Garvesh Raskutti

Shapley values are widely used to explain black-box models, but they are costly to calculate because they require many model evaluations. We introduce FastSHAP, a method for estimating Shapley values in a single forward pass using a learned…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-03-24 Neil Jethani , Mukund Sudarshan , Ian Covert , Su-In Lee , Rajesh Ranganath

When using machine learning techniques in decision-making processes, the interpretability of the models is important. In the present paper, we adopted the Shapley additive explanation (SHAP), which is based on fair profit allocation among…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-03 Yasunobu Nohara , Koutarou Matsumoto , Hidehisa Soejima , Naoki Nakashima

Shapley values are among the most popular tools for explaining predictions of blackbox machine learning models. However, their high computational cost motivates the use of sampling approximations, inducing a considerable degree of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-04-11 Jeremy Goldwasser , Giles Hooker

The Shapley Additive Global Importance (SAGE) value is a theoretically appealing interpretability method that fairly attributes global importance to a model's features. However, its exact calculation requires the computation of the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-04-07 Christoph Luther , Gunnar König , Moritz Grosse-Wentrup

In this paper we investigate the problem of quantifying the contribution of each variable to the satisfying assignments of a Boolean function based on the Shapley value. Our main result is a polynomial-time equivalence between computing…

Databases · Computer Science 2023-06-27 Ahmet Kara , Dan Olteanu , Dan Suciu