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This paper investigates the maximum achievable downlink spectral efficiency of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations. Spectral efficiency is defined here as the total network sum rate per unit bandwidth per unit area of Earth's…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-11 Cuneyd Ozturk , Dongning Guo , Randall A. Berry , Michael L. Honig

Low-Earth orbit (LEO) satellite systems have been deemed a promising key enabler for current 5G and the forthcoming 6G wireless networks. Such LEO satellite constellations can provide worldwide three-dimensional coverage, high data rate,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Mesut Toka , Byungju Lee , Jaehyup Seong , Aryan Kaushik , Juhwan Lee , Jungwoo Lee , Namyoon Lee , Wonjae Shin , H. Vincent Poor

Reaching all regions of Earth, low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites can harvest delay-tolerant data from remotely located users on Earth without ground infrastructure. This work aims to assess a data harvest network architecture where users…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Chang-Sik Choi

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks provide global coverage and low latency, yet high node mobility, uneven traffic distribution, and stochastic link failures pose severe challenges for inter-domain routing. Existing approaches either…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Chen Zhou , Jiangtao Luo , Yongyi Ran

Low earth orbit (LEO) satellite communication networks have been considered as promising solutions to providing high data rate and seamless coverage, where satellite beam management plays a key role. However, due to the limitation of beam…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Jianfeng Zhu , Yaohua Sun , Mugen Peng

As a key complement to terrestrial networks and a fundamental component of future 6G systems, Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks are expected to provide high-quality communication services when integrated with ground-based…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Zixuan Song , Zhishu Shen , Xiaoyu Zheng , Qiushi Zheng , Zheng Lei , Jiong Jin

The integration between the satellite network and the terrestrial network will play a key role in the upcoming sixth-generation (6G) of mobile cellular networks thanks to the wide coverage and bandwidth offered by satellite networks. To…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-05-11 Wiem Abderrahim , Osama Amin , Mohamed-Slim Alouini , Basem Shihada

Multi orbit low earth orbit (LEO) satellites communication is envisioned as a key infrastructure to deliver global coverage, enabling future services from space air ground integrated networks.However, the optimized design of LEO which…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-18 Yingzhuo Sun , Yulan Gao , Ming Xiao , Zhu Han , Octavia A. Dobre

Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites offer a promising alternative to global navigation satellite systems for precise positioning; however, their relatively low altitudes make them more susceptible to orbital perturbations, which in turn…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-11 Jie Ma , Pinjun Zheng , Xing Liu , Yuchen Zhang , Ali A. Nasir , Tareq Y. Al-Naffouri

This article investigates the transmission delay of a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite communication system in a bent pipe structure. By employing a stochastic geometry framework, satellites are modeled as spherical binomial point processes…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2023-09-12 Sixi Cheng , Xiang Ling

Computing tasks are ubiquitous in space missions. Conventionally, these tasks are offloaded to ground servers for computation, where the transmission of raw data on satellite-to-ground links severely constrains the performance. To overcome…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-11-18 Jiaqi Cao , Shengli Zhang , Qingxia Chen , Houtian Wang , Mingzhe Wang , Naijin Liu

Unlike in terrestrial cellular networks, certain frequency bands for low-earth orbit (LEO) satellite systems have thus far been allocated on a non-exclusive basis. In this context, systems that launch their satellites earlier (referred to…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-06 Jeong Min Kong , Eunsun Kim , Ian P. Roberts

This paper presents a star-of-star topology for internet-of-things (IoT) networks using mega low-Earth-orbit constellations. The proposed topology enables IoT users to broadcast their sensed data to multiple satellites simultaneously over a…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-06 Ayush Kumar Dwivedi , Sachin Chaudhari , Neeraj Varshney , Pramod K. Varshney

One of the main drivers of 5G cellular networks is provision of connectivity service for various Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Considering the potential volume of IoT devices at a global scale, the next leap is to integrate…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2020-11-11 Beatriz Soret , Israel Leyva-Mayorga , Stefano Cioni , Petar Popovski

End-to-end latency in large low-Earth-orbit (LEO) constellations is dominated by propagation delay, making total delay roughly proportional to the network diameter, the longest shortest path in hops. Current inter-satellite link (ISL)…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Arman Mollakhani , Jerayu Tiamraj , Shu-Jie Cao , Dongning Guo

This paper proposes a novel split learning architecture designed to exploit the cyclical movement of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites in non-terrestrial networks (NTNs). Although existing research focuses on offloading tasks to the NTN…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Marc Martinez-Gost , Ana Pérez-Neira

Mega low earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellation is promising in achieving global coverage with high capacity. However, forwarding packets in mega constellation faces long end-to-end delay caused by multi-hop routing and high-complexity…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Xin'ao Feng , Yaohua Sun , Mugen Peng

The increasing number of Anthropogenic Space Objects (ASOs) in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) poses a threat to the safety and sustainability of the space environment. Multiple companies are planning to launch large constellations of hundreds or…

Space Physics · Physics 2022-06-14 Andrea D'Ambrosio , Miles Lifson , Richard Linares

Oblivious load-balancing in networks involves routing traffic from sources to destinations using predetermined routes independent of the traffic, so that the maximum load on any link in the network is minimized. We investigate oblivious…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Rudrapatna Vallabh Ramakanth , Eytan Modiano

Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite mega-constellation networks aim to address the high connectivity demands with a projected 50,000 satellites in less than a decade. To fully utilize such a large-scale dynamic network, an air network composed…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-06-28 Eray Güven , Güneş Karabulut Kurt