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Recent advancements in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) have demonstrated its application potential in modern games. Beginning with foundational work and progressing to landmark achievements such as AlphaStar in StarCraft II and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Zhengyang Li , Qijin Ji , Xinghong Ling , Quan Liu

In typical multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) problems, communication is important for agents to share information and make the right decisions. However, due to the complexity of training multi-agent communication, existing methods…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Xuyan Ma , Yawen Wang , Junjie Wang , Xiaofei Xie , Boyu Wu , Shoubin Li , Fanjiang Xu , Qing Wang

Causal reasoning is increasingly used in Reinforcement Learning (RL) to improve the learning process in several dimensions: efficacy of learned policies, efficiency of convergence, generalisation capabilities, safety and interpretability of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Giovanni Briglia , Stefano Mariani , Franco Zambonelli

Multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (MARL) suffers from a lack of commonly-used evaluation tasks and criteria, making comparisons between approaches difficult. In this work, we provide a systematic evaluation and comparison of three…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-10 Georgios Papoudakis , Filippos Christianos , Lukas Schäfer , Stefano V. Albrecht

Reinforcement learning has increasingly been applied to economic decision-making, including taxation, public spending, and labor supply. However, existing RL-based economic models typically consider only a single government-household group,…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Honglei Guo , Yuhan Zhao , Yexin Li

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for solving complex problems through agents' cooperation and competition, finding widespread applications across domains. Despite its success, MARL faces a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-02-21 Baraah A. M. Sidahmed , Tatjana Chavdarova

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has become a significant research topic due to its ability to facilitate learning in complex environments. In multi-agent tasks, the state-action value, commonly referred to as the Q-value, can vary…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Zhenglong Luo , Zhiyong Chen , James Welsh

This study investigates how Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) can improve dynamic pricing strategies in supply chains, particularly in contexts where traditional ERP systems rely on static, rule-based approaches that overlook…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Thomas Hazenberg , Yao Ma , Seyed Sahand Mohammadi Ziabari , Marijn van Rijswijk

We propose a new model, independent linear Markov game, for multi-agent reinforcement learning with a large state space and a large number of agents. This is a class of Markov games with independent linear function approximation, where each…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-23 Qiwen Cui , Kaiqing Zhang , Simon S. Du

Multi-agent systems have evolved into practical LLM-driven collaborators for many applications, gaining robustness from diversity and cross-checking. However, multi-agent RL (MARL) training is resource-intensive and unstable: co-adapting…

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has been gaining extensive attention from academia and industries in the past few decades. One of the fundamental problems in MARL is how to evaluate different approaches comprehensively. Most…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Zhiuxan Liang , Jiannong Cao , Shan Jiang , Divya Saxena , Jinlin Chen , Huafeng Xu

LLM-based Multi-Agent Systems have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in addressing complex, agentic tasks, from generating high-quality presentation slides to even conducting sophisticated scientific research. Meanwhile, RL has been…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Junwei Liao , Muning Wen , Jun Wang , Weinan Zhang

Inferring reward functions from demonstrations is a key challenge in reinforcement learning (RL), particularly in multi-agent RL (MARL), where large joint state-action spaces and complex inter-agent interactions complicate the task. While…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-03 The Viet Bui , Tien Mai , Hong Thanh Nguyen

Communication is a key component in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) for mitigating partial observability, yet prior approaches often rely on inefficient information exchange or fail to transmit sufficient state information. To…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Sangjun Bae , Yisak Park , Sanghyeon Lee , Seungyul Han

We study multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) in infinite-horizon discounted zero-sum Markov games. We focus on the practical but challenging setting of decentralized MARL, where agents make decisions without coordination by a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Muhammed O. Sayin , Kaiqing Zhang , David S. Leslie , Tamer Basar , Asuman Ozdaglar

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has shown significant promise in automated portfolio management; however, effectively balancing risk and return remains a central challenge, as many models fail to adapt to dynamically changing market conditions.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Jiayi Chen , Jing Li , Guiling Wang

This paper presents a theoretical framework for probably approximately correct (PAC) multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) algorithms for Markov games. The paper offers an extension to the well-known Nash Q-learning algorithm, using the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-09-09 Ashkan Zehfroosh , Herbert G. Tanner

Reinforcement learning (RL) agents need to be robust to variations in safety-critical environments. While system identification methods provide a way to infer the variation from online experience, they can fail in settings where fast…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-07 Annie Xie , Shagun Sodhani , Chelsea Finn , Joelle Pineau , Amy Zhang

A unique challenge in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) is the curse of multiagency, where the description length of the game as well as the complexity of many existing learning algorithms scale exponentially with the number of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Yuanhao Wang , Qinghua Liu , Yu Bai , Chi Jin

This work studies non-cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) where multiple agents interact in the same environment and whose goal is to maximize the individual returns. Challenges arise when scaling up the number of agents…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-14 Talal Algumaei , Ruben Solozabal , Reda Alami , Hakim Hacid , Merouane Debbah , Martin Takac