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Click-through rate (CTR) prediction is a vital task in industrial recommendation systems. Most existing methods focus on the network architecture design of the CTR model for better accuracy and suffer from the data sparsity problem.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Qi Liu , Xuyang Hou , Defu Lian , Zhe Wang , Haoran Jin , Jia Cheng , Jun Lei

Post-click conversion rate (CVR) is a reliable indicator of online customers' preferences, making it crucial for developing recommender systems. A major challenge in predicting CVR is severe selection bias, arising from users' inherent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Wenbo Hu , Xin Sun , Qiang liu , Le Wu , Liang Wang

User journeys in e-commerce routinely violate the one-to-one assumption that a clicked item on an advertising platform is the same item later purchased on the merchant's website/app. For a significant number of converting sessions on our…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Xiangyu Zeng , Amit Jaspal , Bin Liu , Goutham Panneeru , Kevin Huang , Nicolas Bievre , Mohit Jaggi , Prathap Maniraju , Ankur Jain

Despite the development of ranking optimization techniques, pointwise loss remains the dominating approach for click-through rate prediction. It can be attributed to the calibration ability of the pointwise loss since the prediction can be…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Xiang-Rong Sheng , Jingyue Gao , Yueyao Cheng , Siran Yang , Shuguang Han , Hongbo Deng , Yuning Jiang , Jian Xu , Bo Zheng

In counterfactual learning to rank (CLTR) user interactions are used as a source of supervision. Since user interactions come with bias, an important focus of research in this field lies in developing methods to correct for the bias of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-08-20 Ali Vardasbi , Maarten de Rijke , Ilya Markov

Ranking models are extensively used in e-commerce for relevance estimation. These models often suffer from poor interpretability and no scale calibration, particularly when trained with typical ranking loss functions. This paper addresses…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Piotr Bajger , Roman Dusek , Krzysztof Galias , Paweł Młyniec , Aleksander Wawer , Paweł Zawistowski

Most recommender systems optimize the model on observed interaction data, which is affected by the previous exposure mechanism and exhibits many biases like popularity bias. The loss functions, such as the mostly used pointwise Binary…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-04-27 Qi Wan , Xiangnan He , Xiang Wang , Jiancan Wu , Wei Guo , Ruiming Tang

Recommender system, as an essential part of modern e-commerce, consists of two fundamental modules, namely Click-Through Rate (CTR) and Conversion Rate (CVR) prediction. While CVR has a direct impact on the purchasing volume, its prediction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-11 Hong Wen , Jing Zhang , Yuan Wang , Fuyu Lv , Wentian Bao , Quan Lin , Keping Yang

Clicks on rankings suffer from position-bias: generally items on lower ranks are less likely to be examined - and thus clicked - by users, in spite of their actual preferences between items. The prevalent approach to unbiased click-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Harrie Oosterhuis

Predicting the probability that a user will click on a specific advertisement has been a prevalent issue in online advertising, attracting much research attention in the past decades. As a hot research frontier driven by industrial needs,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-02-23 Yanwu Yang , Panyu Zhai

The task of predicting conversion rates (CVR) lies at the heart of online advertising systems aiming to optimize bids to meet advertiser performance requirements. Even with the recent rise of deep neural networks, these predictions are…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Alex Shtoff , Yohay Kaplan , Ariel Raviv

Traditionally the probabilistic ranking principle is used to rank the search results while the ranking based on expected profits is used for paid placement of ads. These rankings try to maximize the expected utilities based on the user…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2015-03-19 Raju Balakrishnan , Subbarao Kambhampati

Post-click conversion rate (CVR) estimation is a fundamental task in developing effective recommender systems, yet it faces challenges from data sparsity and sample selection bias. To handle both challenges, the entire space multitask…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Hao Wang , Zhichao Chen , Zhaoran Liu , Haozhe Li , Degui Yang , Xinggao Liu , Haoxuan Li

Accurate post-click conversion rate (CVR) estimation is crucial for online advertising systems. Despite significant advances in causal approaches designed to address the Sample Selection Bias problem, CVR estimation still faces challenges…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Huajian Feng , Guoxiao Zhang , Yadong Zhang , Yi We , Qiang Liu

Click-through rate (CTR) prediction is a critical task for many industrial systems, such as display advertising and recommender systems. Recently, modeling user behavior sequences attracts much attention and shows great improvements in the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-08-27 Yufei Feng , Fuyu Lv , Binbin Hu , Fei Sun , Kun Kuang , Yang Liu , Qingwen Liu , Wenwu Ou

Eliciting user preferences from purchase records for performing purchase prediction is challenging because negative feedback is not explicitly observed, and because treating all non-purchased items equally as negative feedback is…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-06-01 Chanyoung Park , Donghyun Kim , Min-Chul Yang , Jung-Tae Lee , Hwanjo Yu

In this work, we introduce the notion of Context-Based Prediction Models. A Context-Based Prediction Model determines the probability of a user's action (such as a click or a conversion) solely by relying on user and contextual features,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-08-03 Jan Hartman , Assaf Klein , Davorin Kopič , Natalia Silberstein

Click-through rate (CTR) prediction is a critical task in online advertising systems. Most existing methods mainly model the feature-CTR relationship and suffer from the data sparsity issue. In this paper, we propose DeepMCP, which models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-22 Wentao Ouyang , Xiuwu Zhang , Shukui Ren , Chao Qi , Zhaojie Liu , Yanlong Du

Click-through rate (CTR) prediction is a critical problem in web search, recommendation systems and online advertisement displaying. Learning good feature interactions is essential to reflect user's preferences to items. Many CTR prediction…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-05-13 Yuan Cheng , Yanbo Xue

Click-Through Rate (CTR) prediction, estimating the probability of a user clicking on an item, is essential in industrial applications, such as online advertising. Many works focus on user behavior modeling to improve CTR prediction…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-08-14 Xuyang Hou , Zhe Wang , Qi Liu , Tan Qu , Jia Cheng , Jun Lei