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Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) have recently provided compelling evidence for a stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) in the nanohertz frequency band, offering a unique window into fundamental physics. Here, we explore implications…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-02-10 Mohammadreza Davari , Alireza Allahyari

The recent discovery of ultra-long wavelength gravitational waves through the advent of pulsar timing arrays (PTA) has opened up new avenues for fundamental science. Here we show that every PTA source will be diffractively lensed by…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-07-04 Dylan L. Jow , Ue-Li Pen

By regularly monitoring the most stable millisecond pulsars over many years, pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) are positioned to detect and study correlations in the timing behaviour of those pulsars. Gravitational waves (GWs) from supermassive…

NANOGrav, EPTA, PPTA, and CPTA have announced the evidence for a stochastic signal from their latest data sets. Supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs) are supposed to be the most promising gravitational-wave (GW) sources of pulsar timing…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2023-11-16 Yan-Chen Bi , Yu-Mei Wu , Zu-Cheng Chen , Qing-Guo Huang

Massive black holes are key components of the assembly and evolution of cosmic structures and a number of surveys are currently on-going or planned to probe the demographics of these objects and to gain insight into the relevant physical…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 A. Sesana , A. Vecchio , M. Volonteri

Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs) are expected to be able to detect gravitational waves (GWs) from individual supermassive black hole binaries in the near future. In order to identify the host galaxy of a gravitational wave source, the angular…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-12-20 Ryo Kato , Keitaro Takahashi

We search for the isotropic stochastic gravitational-wave background, including the nontensorial polarizations that are allowed in general metric theories of gravity, in the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array (PPTA) second data release (DR2). We…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-03-28 Yu-Mei Wu , Zu-Cheng Chen , Qing-Guo Huang

The recent announcement of evidence for a stochastic background of gravitational waves (GWB) in pulsar timing array (PTA) data has piqued interest across the scientific community. A combined analysis of all currently available data holds…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-09-01 Serena Valtolina , Rutger van Haasteren

The pulsar timing array (PTA) collaborations have recently suggested the presence of a gravitational wave background at nano-Hertz frequencies. In this paper, we explore potential inflationary interpretation of this signal within the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2023-11-14 Chengjie Fu , Jing Liu , Xing-Yu Yang , Wang-Wei Yu , Yawen Zhang

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) are galactic-scale gravitational wave detectors. Each individual arm, composed of a millisecond pulsar, a radio telescope, and a kiloparsecs-long path, differs in its properties but, in aggregate, can be used to…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2023-06-29 Gabriella Agazie , Akash Anumarlapudi , Anne M. Archibald , Zaven Arzoumanian , Paul T. Baker , Bence Bécsy , Laura Blecha , Adam Brazier , Paul R. Brook , Sarah Burke-Spolaor , Maria Charisi , Shami Chatterjee , Tyler Cohen , James M. Cordes , Neil J. Cornish , Fronefield Crawford , H. Thankful Cromartie , Kathryn Crowter , Megan E. Decesar , Paul B. Demorest , Timothy Dolch , Brendan Drachler , Elizabeth C. Ferrara , William Fiore , Emmanuel Fonseca , Gabriel E. Freedman , Nate Garver-Daniels , Peter A. Gentile , Joseph Glaser , Deborah C. Good , Lydia Guertin , Kayhan Gültekin , Jeffrey S. Hazboun , Ross J. Jennings , Aaron D. Johnson , Megan L. Jones , Andrew R. Kaiser , David L. Kaplan , Luke Zoltan Kelley , Matthew Kerr , Joey S. Key , Nima Laal , Michael T. Lam , William G. Lamb , T. Joseph W. Lazio , Natalia Lewandowska , Tingting Liu , Duncan R. Lorimer , Jing Luo , Ryan S. Lynch , Chung-Pei Ma , Dustin R. Madison , Alexander Mcewen , James W. Mckee , Maura A. Mclaughlin , Natasha Mcmann , Bradley W. Meyers , Chiara M. F. Mingarelli , Andrea Mitridate , Cherry Ng , David J. Nice , Stella Koch Ocker , Ken D. Olum , Timothy T. Pennucci , Benetge B. P. Perera , Nihan S. Pol , Henri A. Radovan , Scott M. Ransom , Paul S. Ray , Joseph D. Romano , Shashwat C. Sardesai , Ann Schmiedekamp , Carl Schmiedekamp , Kai Schmitz , Brent J. Shapiro-Albert , Xavier Siemens , Joseph Simon , Magdalena S. Siwek , Ingrid H. Stairs , Daniel R. Stinebring , Kevin Stovall , Abhimanyu Susobhanan , Joseph K. Swiggum , Stephen R. Taylor , Jacob E. Turner , Caner Unal , Michele Vallisneri , Sarah J. Vigeland , Haley M. Wahl , Caitlin A. Witt , Olivia Young

A "pulsar timing array" (PTA), in which observations of a large sample of pulsars spread across the celestial sphere are combined, allows investigation of "global" phenomena such as a background of gravitational waves or instabilities in…

Significant evidence for a stochastic gravitational-wave background has recently been reported by several Pulsar Timing Array observations. These studies have shown that, in addition to astrophysical explanations based on supermassive black…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-02-13 Ran Ding , Chi Tian

The European Pulsar Timing Array (EPTA) is a multi-institutional, multi-telescope collaboration, with the goal of using high-precision pulsar timing to directly detect gravitational waves. In this article we discuss the EPTA member…

In the nanohertz band, the spatial correlations in pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) produced by interfering gravitational waves (GWs) from multiple sources likely deviate from the traditional ones without interference under the assumption of an…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-10-01 Yu-Mei Wu , Yan-Chen Bi , Qing-Guo Huang

Recent pulsar timing array results, including the NANOGrav 15-year data set, show evidence for a stochastic gravitational-wave background (GWB) in the nanohertz band. We present a Bayesian framework to compare three possible origins: (i) a…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-28 Mengshen Wang , Zuocheng Zhang , Hua Xu

In this study, we investigate the scenario in which the stochastic signal arises from primordial gravitational waves. Within this framework, we consider two distinct possibilities: one in which the pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) signal…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-03-24 Jun Li , Guanghai Guo , Pengfei Yan

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) will be sensitive to a finite number of gravitational wave (GW) "point" sources (e.g. supermassive black hole binaries). N quiet pulsars with accurately known distances d_{pulsar} can characterize up to 2N/7…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2013-05-30 Latham Boyle , Ue-Li Pen

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) are being used to search for very low frequency gravitational waves. A gravitational wave signal appears in pulsar timing residuals through two components: one independent of and one dependent on the pulsar's…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-03 Matthew Pitkin