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Item response theory (IRT) models for categorical response data are widely used in the analysis of educational data, computerized adaptive testing, and psychological surveys. However, most IRT models rely on both the assumption that…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-01-14 Ryan Ning , Andrew E. Waters , Christoph Studer , Richard G. Baraniuk

In this paper, we present a complete framework for quickly calibrating and administering a robust large-scale computerized adaptive test (CAT) with a small number of responses. Calibration - learning item parameters in a test - is done…

The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of ChatGPT 3.5 in developing algorithms for data generation within the framework of Item Response Theory (IRT) using the R programming language. In this context, validity…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Hatice Gurdil , Yesim Beril Soguksu , Salih Salihoglu , Fatma Coskun

Recent years have witnessed a surge in the number of large language models (LLMs), yet efficiently managing and utilizing these vast resources remains a significant challenge. In this work, we explore how to learn compact representations of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Jianhao Chen , Chenxu Wang , Gengrui Zhang , Peng Ye , Lei Bai , Wei Hu , Yuzhong Qu , Shuyue Hu

Automated short answer grading (ASAG) with large language models (LLMs) is commonly evaluated with aggregate metrics such as macro-F1 and Cohen's kappa. However, these metrics provide limited insight into how grading performance varies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Longwei Cong , Sonja Hahn , Sebastian Gombert , Leon Camus , Hendrik Drachsler , Ulf Kroehne

One of the largest drivers of social inequality is unequal access to personal tutoring, with wealthier individuals able to afford it, while the majority cannot. Affordable, effective AI tutors offer a scalable solution. We focus on adaptive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Tom Quilter , Anastasia Ilick , Karen Poon , Richard Turner

Item Response Theory (IRT) models are widely used to estimate respondents' latent abilities and calibrate item difficulty. Traditional IRT estimation typically requires centralizing all raw responses, raising privacy and governance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Biying Zhou , Nanyu Luo , Feng Ji

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional performance across a wide range of natural language tasks. However, selecting the optimal LLM to respond to a user query often necessitates a delicate balance between performance…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Wei Song , Zhenya Huang , Cheng Cheng , Weibo Gao , Bihan Xu , GuanHao Zhao , Fei Wang , Runze Wu

Most datasets suffer from partial or complete missing values, which has downstream limitations on the available models on which to test the data and on any statistical inferences that can be made from the data. Several imputation techniques…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-02-09 Adrienne Kline , Yuan Luo

Item response theory (IRT) models typically rely on a normality assumption for subject-specific latent traits, which is often unrealistic in practice. Semiparametric extensions based on Dirichlet process mixtures offer a more flexible…

Large language models (LLMs) achieve high performance on mathematical reasoning, but these results can be inflated by training data leakage or superficial pattern matching rather than genuine reasoning. To this end, an adversarial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Xinyuan Li , Murong Xu , Wenbiao Tao , Hanlun Zhu , Yike Zhao , Jipeng Zhang , Yunshi Lan

Item parameter estimation in pharmacometric item response theory (IRT) models is predominantly performed using the Laplace estimation algorithm as implemented in NONMEM. In psychometrics a wide range of different software tools, including…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-18 Leticia Arrington , Sebastian Ueckert

Item response theory (IRT) can be applied to the analysis of the evaluation of results from AI benchmarks. The two-parameter IRT model provides two indicators (difficulty and discrimination) on the side of the item (or AI problem) while…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-03-25 Fernando Martínez-Plumed , José Hernández-Orallo

We illustrate a class of Item Response Theory (IRT) models for binary and ordinal polythomous items and we describe an R package for dealing with these models, which is named MultiLCIRT. The models at issue extend traditional IRT models…

Applications · Statistics 2012-10-22 Francesco Bartolucci , Silvia Bacci , Michela Gnaldi

Item Response Theory (IRT) is widely applied in the human sciences to model persons' responses on a set of items measuring one or more latent constructs. While several R packages have been developed that implement IRT models, they tend to…

Computation · Statistics 2020-02-04 Paul-Christian Bürkner

Estimating student proficiency is an important task for computer based learning systems. We compare a family of IRT-based proficiency estimation methods to Deep Knowledge Tracing (DKT), a recently proposed recurrent neural network model…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-05-24 Kevin H. Wilson , Yan Karklin , Bojian Han , Chaitanya Ekanadham

Conceptual tests are widely used by physics instructors to assess students' conceptual understanding and compare teaching methods. It is common to look at students' changes in their answers between a pre-test and a post-test to quantify a…

Physics Education · Physics 2015-09-15 Brahim Lamine , Jean-François Parmentier

Evaluating the abilities of learners is a fundamental objective in the field of education. In particular, there is an increasing need to assess higher-order abilities such as expressive skills and logical thinking. Constructed-response…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Masaki Uto , Yuma Ito

Analyses of heterogeneous treatment effects (HTE) are common in applied causal inference research. However, when outcomes are latent variables assessed via psychometric instruments such as educational tests, standard methods ignore the…

A common way of doing algorithm selection is to train a machine learning model and predict the best algorithm from a portfolio to solve a particular problem. While this method has been highly successful, choosing only a single algorithm has…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-11-19 Lars Kotthoff