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Detecting Out-of-Distribution (OOD) sensory data and covariate distribution shift aims to identify new test examples with different high-level image statistics to the captured, normal and In-Distribution (ID) set. Existing OOD detection…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Christiaan Viviers , Amaan Valiuddin , Francisco Caetano , Lemar Abdi , Lena Filatova , Peter de With , Fons van der Sommen

Detecting anomalies or out-of-distribution (OOD) samples is critical for maintaining the reliability and trustworthiness of machine learning systems. Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated their effectiveness not only in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Ruiyao Xu , Kaize Ding

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) samples is essential for neural networks operating in open-world settings, particularly in safety-critical applications. Existing methods have improved OOD detection by leveraging two main techniques:…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Lucas Rakotoarivony

In image classification, a lot of development has happened in detecting out-of-distribution (OoD) data. However, most OoD detection methods are evaluated on a standard set of datasets, arbitrarily different from training data. There is no…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-27 Jishnu Mukhoti , Tsung-Yu Lin , Bor-Chun Chen , Ashish Shah , Philip H. S. Torr , Puneet K. Dokania , Ser-Nam Lim

A crucial requirement for reliable deployment of deep learning models for safety-critical applications is the ability to identify out-of-distribution (OOD) data points, samples which differ from the training data and on which a model might…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-11 Dennis Ulmer , Giovanni Cinà

Density-based Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection has recently been shown unreliable for the task of detecting OOD images. Various density ratio based approaches achieve good empirical performance, however methods typically lack a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-06-09 Mingtian Zhang , Andi Zhang , Tim Z. Xiao , Yitong Sun , Steven McDonagh

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection can be used in deep learning-based applications to reject outlier samples from being unreliably classified by deep neural networks. Learning to classify between OOD and in-distribution samples is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Jaeyoung Kim , Seo Taek Kong , Dongbin Na , Kyu-Hwan Jung

The recent achievements of Deep Learning rely on the test data being similar in distribution to the training data. In an ideal case, Deep Learning models would achieve Out-of-Distribution (OoD) Generalization, i.e. reliably make predictions…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-09-07 Antoine Sanner , Camila Gonzalez , Anirban Mukhopadhyay

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) data is crucial for robust machine learning systems. Normalizing flows are flexible deep generative models that often surprisingly fail to distinguish between in- and out-of-distribution data: a flow…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-06-16 Polina Kirichenko , Pavel Izmailov , Andrew Gordon Wilson

Deep Neural Networks achieve high performance in vision tasks by learning features from regions of interest (ROI) within images, but their performance degrades when deployed on out-of-distribution (OOD) data that differs from training data.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Harry Anthony , Ziyun Liang , Hermione Warr , Konstantinos Kamnitsas

With the availability of large pre-trained models, a modern workflow for building real-world machine learning solutions is to fine-tune such models on a downstream task with a relatively small domain-specific dataset. In such applications,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Lu Tan , Huei Zhou , Yinxiang Huang , Zeming Zheng , Yujiu Yang

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is a critical task that has garnered significant attention. The emergence of CLIP has spurred extensive research into zero-shot OOD detection, often employing a training-free approach. Current methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Haoran Xu , Yanlin Liu , Zizhao Tong , Jiaze Li , Kexue Fu , Yuyang Zhang , Longxiang Gao , Shuaiguang Li , Xingyu Li , Yanran Xu , Changwei Wang

Autonomous systems rely on accurate 3D object detection from LiDAR data, yet most detectors are limited to a predefined set of known classes, making them vulnerable to unexpected out-of-distribution (OOD) objects. In this work, we present…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Louis Soum-Fontez , Jean-Emmanuel Deschaud , François Goulette

The open-world test dataset is often mixed with out-of-distribution (OOD) samples, where the deployed models will struggle to make accurate predictions. Traditional detection methods need to trade off OOD detection and in-distribution (ID)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Xu Shen , Yili Wang , Kaixiong Zhou , Shirui Pan , Xin Wang

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection aims at identifying samples from unknown classes, playing a crucial role in trustworthy models against errors on unexpected inputs. Extensive research has been dedicated to exploring OOD detection in the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Xue Jiang , Feng Liu , Zhen Fang , Hong Chen , Tongliang Liu , Feng Zheng , Bo Han

Recent advances in out-of-distribution (OOD) detection on image data show that pre-trained neural network classifiers can separate in-distribution (ID) from OOD data well, leveraging the class-discriminative ability of the model itself.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Maximilian Granz , Manuel Heurich , Tim Landgraf

Out-of-distribution (OOD) object detection is an important yet underexplored task. A reliable object detector should be able to handle OOD objects by localizing and correctly classifying them as OOD. However, a critical issue arises when…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Sadia Ilyas , Annika Mütze , Klaus Friedrichs , Thomas Kurbiel , Matthias Rottmann

We reconsider the evaluation of OOD detection methods for image recognition. Although many studies have been conducted so far to build better OOD detection methods, most of them follow Hendrycks and Gimpel's work for the method of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-01-08 Engkarat Techapanurak , Takayuki Okatani

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) data is essential for safe deployment of deep neural networks (DNNs). This problem becomes particularly challenging in the presence of long-tailed in-distribution (ID) datasets, often leading to high…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Nimeshika Udayangani , Hadi M. Dolatabadi , Sarah Erfani , Christopher Leckie

Recent years have witnessed significant progress in the development of machine learning models across a wide range of fields, fueled by increased computational resources, large-scale datasets, and the rise of deep learning architectures.…

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