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In machine learning, accurately predicting the probability that a specific input is correct is crucial for risk management. This process, known as uncertainty (or confidence) estimation, is particularly important in mission-critical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-12 Gabriella Chouraqui , Liron Cohen , Gil Einziger , Liel Leman

Deep neural networks often produce miscalibrated probability estimates, leading to overconfident predictions. A common approach for calibration is fitting a post-hoc calibration map on unseen validation data that transforms predicted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Yunrui Zhang , Gustavo Batista , Salil S. Kanhere

Complex problems may require sophisticated, non-linear learning methods such as kernel machines or deep neural networks to achieve state of the art prediction accuracies. However, high prediction accuracies are not the only objective to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-11-24 Marina M. -C. Vidovic , Nico Görnitz , Klaus-Robert Müller , Marius Kloft

We study the robustness of global post-hoc explanations for predictive models trained on tabular data. Effects of predictor features in black-box supervised learning are an essential diagnostic tool for model debugging and scientific…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Hubert Baniecki , Giuseppe Casalicchio , Bernd Bischl , Przemyslaw Biecek

Post-hoc explanation techniques refer to a posteriori methods that can be used to explain how black-box machine learning models produce their outcomes. Among post-hoc explanation techniques, counterfactual explanations are becoming one of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-07 Ulrich Aïvodji , Alexandre Bolot , Sébastien Gambs

State-of-the-art results in typical classification tasks are mostly achieved by unexplainable machine learning methods, like deep neural networks, for instance. Contrarily, in this paper, we investigate the application of rule learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-11 Albert Nössig , Tobias Hell , Georg Moser

Forex trading is the largest market in terms of qutantitative trading. Traditionally, traders refer to technical analysis based on the historical data to make decisions and trade. With the development of artificial intelligent, deep…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2021-07-30 Yunze Li , Yanan Xie , Chen Yu , Fangxing Yu , Bo Jiang , Matloob Khushi

A common approach for feature selection is to examine the variable importance scores for a machine learning model, as a way to understand which features are the most relevant for making predictions. Given the significance of feature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-13 Jack Dunn , Luca Mingardi , Ying Daisy Zhuo

Post-hoc explanation methods are an important tool for increasing model transparency for users. Unfortunately, the currently used methods for attributing token importance often yield diverging patterns. In this work, we study potential…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-29 Jonathan Kamp , Lisa Beinborn , Antske Fokkens

Variable importance is one of the most widely used measures for interpreting machine learning with significant interest from both statistics and machine learning communities. Recently, increasing attention has been directed toward…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-12-22 Xiaohan Wang , Yunzhe Zhou , Giles Hooker

Not all real-world data are labeled, and when labels are not available, it is often costly to obtain them. Moreover, as many algorithms suffer from the curse of dimensionality, reducing the features in the data to a smaller set is often of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-19 Chiara Balestra , Florian Huber , Andreas Mayr , Emmanuel Müller

In any ranking system, the retrieval model outputs a single score for a document based on its belief on how relevant it is to a given search query. While retrieval models have continued to improve with the introduction of increasingly…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-05-12 Daniel Cohen , Bhaskar Mitra , Oleg Lesota , Navid Rekabsaz , Carsten Eickhoff

Accurate prediction of continuous properties is essential to many scientific and engineering tasks. Although deep-learning regressors excel with abundant labels, their accuracy deteriorates in data-scarce regimes. We introduce RankRefine, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Kevin Tirta Wijaya , Michael Sun , Minghao Guo , Hans-Peter Seidel , Wojciech Matusik , Vahid Babaei

The main goal of this paper is to evaluate knowledge base schemas, modeled as a set of entity types, each such type being associated with a set of properties, according to their focus. We intuitively model the notion of focus as ''the state…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Mattia Fumagalli , Daqian Shi , Fausto Giunchiglia

Feature attributions and counterfactual explanations are popular approaches to explain a ML model. The former assigns an importance score to each input feature, while the latter provides input examples with minimal changes to alter the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Ramaravind Kommiya Mothilal , Divyat Mahajan , Chenhao Tan , Amit Sharma

Understanding the inner workings of complex machine learning models is a long-standing problem and most recent research has focused on local interpretability. To assess the role of individual input features in a global sense, we explore the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-28 Ian Covert , Scott Lundberg , Su-In Lee

Post-hoc attribution methods aim to explain deep learning predictions by highlighting influential input pixels. However, these explanations are highly non-robust: small, imperceptible input perturbations can drastically alter the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Alaa Anani , Tobias Lorenz , Mario Fritz , Bernt Schiele

The principal contribution of this paper is a conceptual framework for off-policy reinforcement learning, based on conditional expectations of importance sampling ratios. This framework yields new perspectives and understanding of existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-31 Mark Rowland , Anna Harutyunyan , Hado van Hasselt , Diana Borsa , Tom Schaul , Rémi Munos , Will Dabney

Attribution scores reflect how important the feature values in an input entity are for the output of a machine learning model. One of the most popular attribution scores is the SHAP score, which is an instantiation of the general Shapley…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-14 Santiago Cifuentes , Leopoldo Bertossi , Nina Pardal , Sergio Abriola , Maria Vanina Martinez , Miguel Romero

In the context of post-hoc interpretability, this paper addresses the task of explaining the prediction of a classifier, considering the case where no information is available, neither on the classifier itself, nor on the processed data…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-12-25 Thibault Laugel , Marie-Jeanne Lesot , Christophe Marsala , Xavier Renard , Marcin Detyniecki