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Histopathology whole slide images (WSIs) play a very important role in clinical studies and serve as the gold standard for many cancer diagnoses. However, generating automatic tools for processing WSIs is challenging due to their enormous…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-28 Jingwei Zhang , Xin Zhang , Ke Ma , Rajarsi Gupta , Joel Saltz , Maria Vakalopoulou , Dimitris Samaras

In this paper, we address the challenge of few-shot classification in histopathology whole slide images (WSIs) by utilizing foundational vision-language models (VLMs) and slide-level prompt learning. Given the gigapixel scale of WSIs,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Devavrat Tomar , Guillaume Vray , Dwarikanath Mahapatra , Sudipta Roy , Jean-Philippe Thiran , Behzad Bozorgtabar

Advances in medical imaging and deep learning have propelled progress in whole slide image (WSI) analysis, with multiple instance learning (MIL) showing promise for efficient and accurate diagnostics. However, conventional MIL models often…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Xianrui Li , Yufei Cui , Jun Li , Antoni B. Chan

We consider machine-learning-based thyroid-malignancy prediction from cytopathology whole-slide images (WSI). Multiple instance learning (MIL) approaches, typically used for the analysis of WSIs, divide the image (bag) into patches…

We study a multiclass multiple instance learning (MIL) problem where the labels only suggest whether any instance of a class exists or does not exist in a training sample or example. No further information, e.g., the number of instances of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-03-15 Xi-Lin Li

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) for whole slide image (WSI) analysis in computational pathology often neglects instance-level learning as supervision is typically provided only at the bag level, hindering the integrated consideration of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Shuyang Wu , Yifu Qiu , Ines P. Nearchou , Sandrine Prost , Jonathan A. Fallowfield , Hideki Ueno , Hitoshi Tsuda , David J. Harrison , Hakan Bilen , Timothy J. Kendall

Multiple-instance learning (MIL) is a paradigm of machine learning that aims to classify a set (bag) of objects (instances), assigning labels only to the bags. This problem is often addressed by selecting an instance to represent each bag,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-12-22 Sonia Castelo , Moacir Ponti , Rosane Minghim

Digital pathology has revolutionized the field by enabling the digitization of tissue samples into whole slide images (WSIs). However, the high resolution and large size of WSIs present significant challenges when it comes to applying Deep…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Ali Mammadov , Loïc Le Folgoc , Guillaume Hocquet , Pietro Gori

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has garnered widespread attention in the field of Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification as it replaces pixel-level manual annotation with diagnostic reports as labels, significantly reducing labor costs.…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-08 Tianhang Nan , Hao Quan , Yong Ding , Xingyu Li , Kai Yang , Xiaoyu Cui

When applying multi-instance learning (MIL) to make predictions for bags of instances, the prediction accuracy of an instance often depends on not only the instance itself but also its context in the corresponding bag. From the viewpoint of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-25 Tiancheng Lin , Hongteng Xu , Canqian Yang , Yi Xu

Whole slide image (WSI) classification is a critical task in computational pathology. However, the gigapixel-size of such images remains a major challenge for the current state of deep-learning. Current methods rely on multiple-instance…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-04 Etienne Pochet , Rami Maroun , Roger Trullo

Histopathology image analysis can be considered as a Multiple instance learning (MIL) problem, where the whole slide histopathology image (WSI) is regarded as a bag of instances (i.e, patches) and the task is to predict a single class label…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-06-28 Meng Li , Lin Wu , Arnold Wiliem , Kun Zhao , Teng Zhang , Brian C. Lovell

In whole slide images (WSIs) analysis, attention-based multi-instance learning (MIL) models are susceptible to spurious correlations and degrade under domain shift. These methods may assign high attention weights to non-tumor regions, such…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Xin Liu , Weijia Zhang , Wei Tang , Thuc Duy Le , Jiuyong Li , Lin Liu , Min-Ling Zhang

In the field of whole slide image (WSI) classification, multiple instance learning (MIL) serves as a promising approach, commonly decoupled into feature extraction and aggregation. In this paradigm, our observation reveals that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Xuenian Wang , Shanshan Shi , Renao Yan , Qiehe Sun , Lianghui Zhu , Tian Guan , Yonghong He

Multiple instance learning (MIL) has been successfully applied for whole slide images (WSIs) analysis in computational pathology, enabling a wide range of prediction tasks from tumor subtyping to inferring genetic mutations and multi-omics…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Junyu Li , Ye Zhang , Wen Shu , Xiaobing Feng , Yingchun Wang , Pengju Yan , Xiaolin Li , Chulin Sha , Min He

Whole-slide image (WSI) classification in computational pathology is commonly formulated as slide-level Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) with a single global bag representation. However, slide-level MIL is fundamentally underconstrained:…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Syed Fahim Ahmed , Gnanesh Rasineni , Florian Koehler , Abu Zahid Bin Aziz , Mei Wang , Attila Gyulassy , Brian Summa , J. Quincy Brown , Valerio Pascucci , Shireen Y. Elhabian

Weakly supervised object detection (WSOD) is a challenging task that requires simultaneously learn object classifiers and estimate object locations under the supervision of image category labels. A major line of WSOD methods roots in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-06 Shiwei Zhang , Wei Ke , Lin Yang

Multiple-instance learning (MIL) has served as an important tool for a wide range of vision applications, for instance, image classification, object detection, and visual tracking. In this paper, we propose a novel method to solve the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2015-10-06 Xinggang Wang , Zhuotun Zhu , Cong Yao , Xiang Bai

We introduce a graphical framework for multiple instance learning (MIL) based on Markov networks. This framework can be used to model the traditional MIL definition as well as more general MIL definitions. Different levels of ambiguity --…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-09-27 Hossein Hajimirsadeghi , Jinling Li , Greg Mori , Mohammad Zaki , Tarek Sayed

Deep learning models have revolutionized the field of medical image analysis, due to their outstanding performances. However, they are sensitive to spurious correlations, often taking advantage of dataset bias to improve results for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Diogo J. Araújo , M. Rita Verdelho , Alceu Bissoto , Jacinto C. Nascimento , Carlos Santiago , Catarina Barata
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