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Directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) constitute a central modeling tool to enable principled reasoning about cause-effect interactions in complex systems. However, since the causal structure underlying a group of variables is often unknown and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-25 Gonzalo Mateos , Samuel Rey , Hamed Ajorlou , Mariano Tepper

We propose a fully Bayesian approach for causal inference with multivariate categorical data based on staged tree models, a class of probabilistic graphical models capable of representing asymmetric and context-specific dependencies. To…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-06 Andrea Cremaschi , Manuele Leonelli , Gherardo Varando

Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) are a standard tool in causal modeling, but their suitability for capturing the complexity of large-scale multimodal data is questionable. In practice, real-world multimodal datasets are often collected from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yuhang Liu , Zhen Zhang , Dong Gong , Erdun Gao , Biwei Huang , Mingming Gong , Anton van den Hengel , Kun Zhang , Javen Qinfeng Shi

Causal processes in biomedicine may contain cycles, evolve over time or differ between populations. However, many graphical models cannot accommodate these conditions. We propose to model causation using a mixture of directed cyclic graphs…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-09-08 Eric V. Strobl

Learning the structure of Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) presents a significant challenge due to the vast combinatorial search space of possible graphs, which scales exponentially with the number of nodes. Recent advancements have redefined…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Klea Ziu , Slavomír Hanzely , Loka Li , Kun Zhang , Martin Takáč , Dmitry Kamzolov

Causal representation learning aims to recover the latent causal variables and their causal relations, typically represented by directed acyclic graphs (DAGs), from low-level observations such as image pixels. A prevailing line of research…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Ignavier Ng , Shaoan Xie , Xinshuai Dong , Peter Spirtes , Kun Zhang

When working with multimodal Bayesian posterior distributions, Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms have difficulty moving between modes, and default variational or mode-based approximate inferences will understate posterior…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-11-19 Yuling Yao , Aki Vehtari , Andrew Gelman

In the algorithm Intersort, Chevalley et al. (2024) proposed a score-based method to discover the causal order of variables in a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) model, leveraging interventional data to outperform existing methods. However, as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Mathieu Chevalley , Arash Mehrjou , Patrick Schwab

A Bayesian Network is a directed acyclic graph (DAG) on a set of $n$ random variables (the vertices); a Bayesian Network Distribution (BND) is a probability distribution on the random variables that is Markovian on the graph. A finite…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Spencer L. Gordon , Bijan Mazaheri , Yuval Rabani , Leonard J. Schulman

Covariance estimation and selection for multivariate datasets in a high-dimensional regime is a fundamental problem in modern statistics. Gaussian graphical models are a popular class of models used for this purpose. Current Bayesian…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-03-06 Xuan Cao , Shaojun Zhang

Recent advances have established the identifiability of a directed acyclic graph (DAG) under additive noise models (ANMs), spurring the development of various causal discovery methods. However, most existing methods make restrictive model…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-24 Stella Huang , Qing Zhou

We consider modeling a binary response variable together with a set of covariates for two groups under observational data. The grouping variable can be the confounding variable (the common cause of treatment and outcome), gender,…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-04-13 Rasool Tahmasbi , Keyvan Tahmasbi

Acyclic digraphs are the underlying representation of Bayesian networks, a widely used class of probabilistic graphical models. Learning the underlying graph from data is a way of gaining insights about the structural properties of a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-05-06 Jack Kuipers , Giusi Moffa

We study causal discovery from observational data in linear Gaussian systems affected by \emph{mixed latent confounding}, where some unobserved factors act broadly across many variables while others influence only small subsets. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Amir Asiaee , Samhita Pal , James O'quinn , James P. Long

Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) are solid structures used to describe and infer the dependencies among variables in multivariate scenarios. Having a thorough comprehension of the accurate DAG-generating model is crucial for causal discovery…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-09-09 S. Nazari , M. Arashi , A. Sadeghkhani

To represent the causal relationships between variables, a directed acyclic graph (DAG) is widely utilized in many areas, such as social sciences, epidemics, and genetics. Many causal structure learning approaches are developed to learn the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-01-14 Jianian Wang , Rui Song

Bayesian causal structure learning aims to learn a posterior distribution over directed acyclic graphs (DAGs), and the mechanisms that define the relationship between parent and child variables. By taking a Bayesian approach, it is possible…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Mizu Nishikawa-Toomey , Tristan Deleu , Jithendaraa Subramanian , Yoshua Bengio , Laurent Charlin

Inferring directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) from data via Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) is computationally challenging in moderate-to-high dimensional settings because their discrete sampling space grows super-exponentially with the number…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-14 Morris Greenberg , Kieran R Campbell , Radu Craiu

Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) are central to uncovering causal structure in complex systems, yet learning a single DAG from data is often challenging: model uncertainty, finite samples, and a combinatorially large search space frequently…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-19 Yunan Wu , Yue Wang , Chunlin Li , Chenglong Ye

Assuming a directed acyclic graph (DAG) that represents prior knowledge of causal relationships between variables is a common starting point for cause-effect estimation. Existing literature typically invokes hypothetical domain expert…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-11 Kirtan Padh , Zhufeng Li , Cecilia Casolo , Niki Kilbertus