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TextArena is an open-source collection of competitive text-based games for training and evaluation of agentic behavior in Large Language Models (LLMs). It spans 57+ unique environments (including single-player, two-player, and multi-player…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Leon Guertler , Bobby Cheng , Simon Yu , Bo Liu , Leshem Choshen , Cheston Tan

LLM-based agents are becoming increasingly proficient at solving web-based tasks. With this capability comes a greater risk of misuse for malicious purposes, such as posting misinformation in an online forum or selling illicit substances on…

GUI agents that interact with graphical interfaces on behalf of users represent a promising direction for practical AI assistants. However, training such agents is hindered by the scarcity of suitable environments. We present InfiniteWeb, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Ziyun Zhang , Zezhou Wang , Xiaoyi Zhang , Zongyu Guo , Jiahao Li , Bin Li , Yan Lu

We introduce REAL, a benchmark and framework for multi-turn agent evaluations on deterministic simulations of real-world websites. REAL comprises high-fidelity, deterministic replicas of 11 widely-used websites across domains such as…

AI agents deployed as persistent assistants must maintain correct beliefs as their information environment evolves. In practice, evidence is scattered across heterogeneous sources that often contradict one another, new information can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Haonian Ji , Kaiwen Xiong , Siwei Han , Peng Xia , Shi Qiu , Yiyang Zhou , Jiaqi Liu , Jinlong Li , Bingzhou Li , Zeyu Zheng , Cihang Xie , Huaxiu Yao

Recent advances in browser-based LLM agents have shown promise for automating tasks ranging from simple form filling to hotel booking or online shopping. Current benchmarks measure agent performance in controlled environments, such as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Su Kara , Fazle Faisal , Suman Nath

Large language model-based web agents have demonstrated strong performance on realistic web interaction tasks. However, existing evaluations are predominantly conducted under relatively stable and well-behaved interaction conditions, which…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Haoyue Bai , Dong Wang , Long Chen , Bingguang Hao , Pengyang Shao , Yonghui Yang , Yicheng He , Chenyi Zhuang

Recently, large language model (LLM)-based agents have achieved significant success in interactive environments, attracting significant academic and industrial attention. Despite these advancements, current research predominantly focuses on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Peng Wang , Ruihan Tao , Qiguang Chen , Mengkang Hu , Libo Qin

For web agents to be practically useful, they must adapt to the continuously evolving web environment characterized by frequent updates to user interfaces and content. However, most existing benchmarks only capture the static aspects of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Yichen Pan , Dehan Kong , Sida Zhou , Cheng Cui , Yifei Leng , Bing Jiang , Hangyu Liu , Yanyi Shang , Shuyan Zhou , Tongshuang Wu , Zhengyang Wu

Autonomous agents powered by language models (LMs) have demonstrated promise in their ability to perform decision-making tasks such as web automation. However, a key limitation remains: LMs, primarily optimized for natural language…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Jing Yu Koh , Stephen McAleer , Daniel Fried , Ruslan Salakhutdinov

We interact with computers on an everyday basis, be it in everyday life or work, and many aspects of work can be done entirely with access to a computer and the Internet. At the same time, thanks to improvements in large language models…

Autonomy via agents using large language models (LLMs) for personalized, standardized tasks boosts human efficiency. Automating web tasks (like booking hotels within a budget) is increasingly sought after. Fulfilling practical needs, the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Ke Yang , Yao Liu , Sapana Chaudhary , Rasool Fakoor , Pratik Chaudhari , George Karypis , Huzefa Rangwala

We introduce WebGames, a comprehensive benchmark suite designed to evaluate general-purpose web-browsing AI agents through a collection of 50+ interactive challenges. These challenges are specifically crafted to be straightforward for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-26 George Thomas , Alex J. Chan , Jikun Kang , Wenqi Wu , Filippos Christianos , Fraser Greenlee , Andy Toulis , Marvin Purtorab

For decades, human-computer interaction has fundamentally been manual. Even today, almost all productive work done on the computer necessitates human input at every step. Autonomous virtual agents represent an exciting step in automating…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Raghav Kapoor , Yash Parag Butala , Melisa Russak , Jing Yu Koh , Kiran Kamble , Waseem Alshikh , Ruslan Salakhutdinov

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have revealed their potential for achieving autonomous agents possessing human-level intelligence. However, existing benchmarks for evaluating LLM Agents either use static datasets,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Junzhe Chen , Xuming Hu , Shuodi Liu , Shiyu Huang , Wei-Wei Tu , Zhaofeng He , Lijie Wen

The rapid development of large language and multimodal models has sparked significant interest in using proprietary models, such as GPT-4o, to develop autonomous agents capable of handling real-world scenarios like web navigation. Although…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Hongliang He , Wenlin Yao , Kaixin Ma , Wenhao Yu , Hongming Zhang , Tianqing Fang , Zhenzhong Lan , Dong Yu

To survive and thrive in complex environments, humans have evolved sophisticated self-improvement mechanisms through environment exploration, hierarchical abstraction of experiences into reuseable skills, and collaborative construction of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Boyuan Zheng , Michael Y. Fatemi , Xiaolong Jin , Zora Zhiruo Wang , Apurva Gandhi , Yueqi Song , Yu Gu , Jayanth Srinivasa , Gaowen Liu , Graham Neubig , Yu Su

Large language models (LLMs) have empowered intelligent agents to execute intricate tasks within domain-specific software such as browsers and games. However, when applied to general-purpose software systems like operating systems, LLM…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Mingzhe Xing , Rongkai Zhang , Hui Xue , Qi Chen , Fan Yang , Zhen Xiao

The rapid growth of AI agent ecosystems is transforming how complex tasks are delegated and executed, creating a new challenge of identifying suitable agents for a given task. Unlike traditional tools, agent capabilities are often…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Bin Wu , Arastun Mammadli , Xiaoyu Zhang , Emine Yilmaz

LLM web agents now browse and take actions on the open web, yet current agent evaluations are constrained to sandboxed environments or artificial tasks. We introduce BrowserArena, a live open-web agent evaluation platform that collects…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Sagnik Anupam , Davis Brown , Shuo Li , Eric Wong , Hamed Hassani , Osbert Bastani