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We consider two distinct limits of General Relativity that in contrast to the standard non-relativistic limit can be taken at the level of the Einstein-Hilbert action instead of the equations of motion. One is a non-relativistic limit and…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2017-04-26 Eric Bergshoeff , Joaquim Gomis , Blaise Rollier , Jan Rosseel , Tonnis ter Veldhuis

The Newtonian limit of fourth-order gravity is worked out discussing its viability with respect to the standard results of General Relativity. We investigate the limit in the metric approach which, with respect to the Palatini formulation,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-13 S. Capozziello , A. Stabile

The Carrollian limit ($c \to 0$) of General Relativity provides the geometric language for describing null hypersurfaces, such as black hole event horizons and null infinity. Motivated by the well-established electric and magnetic limits of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-12-01 Tanmay Patil , S. Shankaranarayanan

We show that the seemingly different methods used to derive non-Lorentzian (Galilean and Carrollian) gravitational theories from Lorentzian ones are equivalent. Specifically, the pre-nonrelativistic and the pre-ultralocal parametrizations…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-01-28 Poula Tadros , Ivan Kolář

We determine the full post-Newtonian limit of theories of gravity that extend general relativity by replacing the Ricci scalar, R, in the generating Lagrangian by some analytic function, f(R). We restrict ourselves to theories that admit…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 Timothy Clifton

Carrollian field theories have recently emerged as a candidate dual to flat space quantum gravity. We carefully quantize simple two-derivative Carrollian theories, revealing a strong sensitivity to the ultraviolet. They can be regulated…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2024-10-15 Jordan Cotler , Kristan Jensen , Stefan Prohazka , Amir Raz , Max Riegler , Jakob Salzer

We consider various mechanisms of modifying the effect of intrinsic curvature in gravity with respect to general relativity. Two primary approaches are studied. First, by considering a Lagrange multiplier or an auxiliary field. Second, by…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-07-08 Ido Ben-Dayan , Elena Emtsova

We consider the non-relativistic limit of gravity in four dimensions in the first order formalism. First, we revisit the case of the Einstein-Hilbert action and formally discuss some geometrical configurations in vacuum and in the presence…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-03-15 Amanda Guerrieri , Rodrigo F. Sobreiro

We explore the ultra-relativistic limit of a class of four dimensional gravity theories, known as Lovelock-Cartan gravities, in the first order formalism. First, we review the well known limit of the Einstein-Hilbert action. A very useful…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-12-08 Amanda Guerrieri , Rodrigo F. Sobreiro

We drastically simplify the problem of linearizing a general higher-order theory of gravity. We reduce it to the evaluation of its Lagrangian on a particular Riemann tensor depending on two parameters, and the computation of two derivatives…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2016-11-09 Pablo Bueno , Pablo A. Cano

The ultra-relativistic limit of general relativity is Carroll gravity. In this article, we provide (i) a rigorous and thorough exposition of the geometric formalism of the 'magnetic' version of Carroll gravity, (ii) a presentation of this…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2025-01-22 Eleanor March , James Read

We study the small speed of light expansion of general relativity, utilizing the modern perspective on non-Lorentzian geometry. This is an expansion around the ultra-local Carroll limit, in which light cones close up. To this end, we first…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2022-09-14 Dennis Hansen , Niels A. Obers , Gerben Oling , Benjamin T. Søgaard

We study the non-relativistic Newton-Cartan limit of higher-order gravity theories in arbitrary dimensions. We first study it at the level of the action by introducing an additional 1-form gauge field and coupling it appropriately to the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-07-09 Biel Cardona , Luca Romano

We consider a modification of the standard Einstein theory in four dimensions, alternative to R. Jackiw and S.-Y. Pi, Phys. Rev. D 68, 104012 (2003), since it is based on the first-order (Einstein-Cartan) approach to General Relativity,…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2008-11-26 Marcelo Botta Cantcheff

The primary constraints for general teleparallel quadratic gravity are presented. They provide a basic classification of teleparallel theories from the perspective of the full nonlinear theory and represent the first step towards a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-04-29 Francesco Bajardi , Daniel Blixt

We consider the Newtonian limit of modified theories of gravity that include inverse powers of the curvature in the action in order to explain the cosmic acceleration. It has been shown that the simplest models of this kind are in conflict…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-11 Ignacio Navarro , Karel Van Acoleyen

We consider Carroll-invariant limits of Lorentz-invariant field theories. We show that just as in the case of electromagnetism, there are two inequivalent limits, one "electric" and the other "magnetic". Each can be obtained from the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2021-12-08 Marc Henneaux , Patricio Salgado-Rebolledo

We present a Cartan-like first-order action principle for electric Carrollian gravity. The action is invariant under the local homogeneous Carroll group, albeit in a different representation than the one obtained by gauging the Carroll…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2024-06-05 Simon Pekar , Alfredo Pérez , Patricio Salgado-Rebolledo

We construct the quartic version of generalized quasi-topological gravity, which was recently constructed to cubic order in arXiv: 1703.01631. This class of theories includes Lovelock gravity and a known form of quartic quasi-topological…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2017-08-23 Jamil Ahmed , Robie A. Hennigar , Robert B. Mann , Mozhgan Mir

The Newtonian limit of the most general fourth order gravity is performed with metric approach in the Jordan frame with no gauge condition. The most general theory with fourth order differential equations is obtained by generalizing the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2010-12-28 A. Stabile
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