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Zielonka's classic recursive algorithm for solving parity games is perhaps the simplest among the many existing parity game algorithms. However, its complexity is exponential, while currently the state-of-the-art algorithms have…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Karoliina Lehtinen , Paweł Parys , Sven Schewe , Dominik Wojtczak

Calude, Jain, Khoussainov, Li, and Stephan (2017) proposed a quasi-polynomial-time algorithm solving parity games. After this breakthrough result, a few other quasi-polynomial-time algorithms were introduced; none of them is easy to…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2019-04-30 Paweł Parys

Parity games are two player games with omega-winning conditions, played on finite graphs. Such games play an important role in verification, satisfiability and synthesis. It is therefore important to identify algorithms that can efficiently…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-09-11 Lisette Sanchez , Wieger Wesselink , Tim A. C. Willemse

Attractors in parity games are a technical device for solving "alternating" reachability of given node sets. A well known solver of parity games - Zielonka's algorithm - uses such attractor computations recursively. We here propose new…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2014-05-20 Michael Huth , Jim Huan-Pu Kuo , Nir Piterman

Dull, weak and nested solitaire games are important classes of parity games, capturing, among others, alternation-free mu-calculus and ECTL* model checking problems. These classes can be solved in polynomial time using dedicated algorithms.…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2013-07-18 Maciej Gazda , Tim A. C. Willemse

Parity games are abstract infinite-round games that take an important role in formal verification. In the basic setting, these games are two-player, turn-based, and played under perfect information on directed graphs, whose nodes are…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-10-31 Antonio Di Stasio , Aniello Murano , Giuseppe Perelli , Moshe Y. Vardi

We study parity games in which one of the two players controls only a small number $k$ of nodes and the other player controls the $n-k$ other nodes of the game. Our main result is a fixed-parameter algorithm that solves bipartite parity…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2015-12-12 Matthias Mnich , Heiko Röglin , Clemens Rösner

Parity games have been broadly studied in recent years for their applications to controller synthesis and verification. In practice, partial solvers for parity games that execute in polynomial time, while incomplete, can solve most games in…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-07-23 Véronique Bruyère , Guillermo A. Pérez , Jean-François Raskin , Clément Tamines

We improve the complexity of solving parity games (with priorities in vertices) for $d={\omega}(\log n)$ by a factor of ${\theta}(d^2)$: the best complexity known to date was $O(mdn^{1.45+\log_2(d/\log_2(n))})$, while we obtain…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-05-02 Paweł Parys , Aleksander Wiącek

Parity games play an important role in model checking and synthesis. In their paper, Calude et al. have shown that these games can be solved in quasi-polynomial time. We show that their algorithm can be implemented efficiently: we use their…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-01-30 John Fearnley , Sanjay Jain , Sven Schewe , Frank Stephan , Dominik Wojtczak

We consider two-player games over finite graphs in which both players are restricted by fairness constraints on their moves. Given a two player game graph $G=(V,E)$ and a set of fair moves $E_f\subseteq E$ a player is said to play "fair" in…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Daniel Hausmann , Nir Piterman , Irmak Sağlam , Anne-Kathrin Schmuck

We examine two-player games over finite weighted graphs with quantitative (mean-payoff or energy) objective, where one of the players additionally needs to satisfy a fairness objective. The specific fairness we consider is called 'strong…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Ashwani Anand , Satya Prakash Nayak , Ritam Raha , Irmak Sağlam , Anne-Kathrin Schmuck

An attractor decomposition meta-algorithm for solving parity games is given that generalises the classic McNaughton-Zielonka algorithm and its recent quasi-polynomial variants due to Parys (2019), and to Lehtinen, Schewe, and Wojtczak…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-08-30 Marcin Jurdziński , Rémi Morvan , K. S. Thejaswini

In this paper, we study the average case complexity of the Unique Games problem. We propose a natural semi-random model, in which a unique game instance is generated in several steps. First an adversary selects a completely satisfiable…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2011-04-20 Alexandra Kolla , Konstantin Makarychev , Yury Makarychev

We consider fixpoint algorithms for two-player games on graphs with $\omega$-regular winning conditions, where the environment is constrained by a strong transition fairness assumption. Strong transition fairness is a widely occurring…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Tamajit Banerjee , Rupak Majumdar , Kaushik Mallik , Anne-Kathrin Schmuck , Sadegh Soudjani

While discounted payoff games and classic games that reduce to them, like parity and mean-payoff games, are symmetric, their solutions are not. We have taken a fresh view on the properties that optimal solutions need to have, and devised a…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Daniele Dell'Erba , Arthur Dumas , Sven Schewe

This paper presents a new lower bound for the discrete strategy improvement algorithm for solving parity games due to Voege and Jurdziski. First, we informally show which structures are difficult to solve for the algorithm. Second, we…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2009-01-20 Oliver Friedmann

We consider the problem of solving random parity games. We prove that parity games exibit a phase transition threshold above $d_P$, so that when the degree of the graph that defines the game has a degree $d > d_P$ then there exists a…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-07-17 Richard Combes , Mikael Touati

We consider two-player games played in real time on game structures with clocks where the objectives of players are described using parity conditions. The games are \emph{concurrent} in that at each turn, both players independently propose…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-03-14 Krishnendu Chatterjee , Thomas A. Henzinger , Vinayak S. Prabhu

Parity games have witnessed several new quasi-polynomial algorithms since the breakthrough result of Calude et al. (STOC 2017). The combinatorial object underlying these approaches is a universal tree, as identified by Czerwi\'nski et al.…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Zhuan Khye Koh , Georg Loho
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