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Traffic incidents involving vulnerable road users (VRUs) constitute a significant proportion of global road accidents. Advances in traffic communication ecosystems, coupled with sophisticated signal processing and machine learning…

Automated vehicles (AVs) are of great potential in reducing crashes on the road. However, it is still complicated to eliminate all the possible accidents, especially those with vulnerable road users (VRUs), who are among the greater risk…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-05-22 Aditya Deshmukh , Zifei Wang , Aaron Gunn , Huizhong Guo , Rini Sherony , Fred Feng , Brian Lin , Shan Bao , Feng Zhou

Avoiding collisions with vulnerable road users (VRUs) using sensor-based early recognition of critical situations is one of the manifold opportunities provided by the current development in the field of intelligent vehicles. As especially…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-03-12 Michael Goldhammer , Sebastian Köhler , Stefan Zernetsch , Konrad Doll , Bernhard Sick , Klaus Dietmayer

Ensuring the safety of vulnerable road users (VRUs), such as pedestrians and cyclists, remains a critical global challenge, as conventional infrastructure-based measures often prove inadequate in dynamic urban environments. Recent advances…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Shucheng Zhang , Yan Shi , Bingzhang Wang , Yuang Zhang , Muhammad Monjurul Karim , Kehua Chen , Chenxi Liu , Mehrdad Nasri , Yinhai Wang

Vulnerable road users (VRUs, i.e. cyclists and pedestrians) will play an important role in future traffic. To avoid accidents and achieve a highly efficient traffic flow, it is important to detect VRUs and to predict their intentions. In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-09-12 Maarten Bieshaar , Günther Reitberger , Stefan Zernetsch , Bernhard Sick , Erich Fuchs , Konrad Doll

Intersections where vehicles are permitted to turn and interact with vulnerable road users (VRUs) like pedestrians and cyclists are among some of the most challenging locations for automated and accurate recognition of road users' behavior.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Hao Cheng , Li Feng , Hailong Liu , Takatsugu Hirayama , Hiroshi Murase , Monika Sester

Understanding and predicting human behavior in-thewild, particularly at urban intersections, remains crucial for enhancing interaction safety between road users. Among the most critical behaviors are crossing intentions of Vulnerable Road…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Ahmed S. Abdelrahman , Mohamed Abdel-Aty , Quoc Dai Tran

Extensive research has already been conducted in the autonomous driving field to help vehicles navigate safely and efficiently. At the same time, plenty of current research on vulnerable road user (VRU) safety is performed which largely…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Haochong Chen , Xincheng Cao , Bilin Aksun-Guvenc , Levent Guvenc

According to the World Health Organization, the involvement of Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs) in traffic accidents remains a significant concern, with VRUs accounting for over half of traffic fatalities. The increase of automation and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-04-24 Edmir Xhoxhi , Vincent Albert Wolff

Pedestrian safety has become an important research topic among various studies due to the increased number of pedestrian-involved crashes. To evaluate pedestrian safety proactively, surrogate safety measures (SSMs) have been widely used in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Pei Li , Huizhong Guo , Shan Bao , Arpan Kusari

With the acceleration of urbanization and the growth of transportation demands, the safety of vulnerable road users (VRUs, such as pedestrians and cyclists) in mixed traffic flows has become increasingly prominent, necessitating…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Zhangcun Yan , Jianqiang Li , Peng Hang , Jian Sun

Traffic safety is important in reducing death and building a harmonious society. In addition to studies of accident incidences, the perception of driving risk is significant in guiding the implementation of appropriate driving…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-11-08 Renfei Wu , Linheng Li , Haotian Shi , Yikang Rui , Dong Ngoduy , Bin Ran

Correctly identifying vulnerable road users (VRUs), e.g. cyclists and pedestrians, remains one of the most challenging environment perception tasks for autonomous vehicles (AVs). This work surveys the current state-of-the-art in VRU…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-02-12 Patrick Mannion

Increased interaction between and among pedestrians and vehicles in the crowded urban environments of today gives rise to a negative side-effect: a growth in traffic accidents, with pedestrians being the most vulnerable elements. Recent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-02-07 Cristina Bustos , Daniel Rhoads , Agata Lapedriza , Javier Borge-Holthoefer , Albert Solé-Ribalta

The Operational Design Domain (ODD) of urbanoriented Level 4 (L4) autonomous driving, especially for autonomous robotaxis, confronts formidable challenges in complex urban mixed traffic environments. These challenges stem mainly from the…

Collisions between vehicles and pedestrians usually result in the fatality to the vulnerable road users (VRUs). Thus, new technologies are needed to be developed for protecting the VRUs. Based on the high density of pedestrians and limited…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2019-01-01 Zhiyi Huang , Junliang Ye , Jiaqi Chen , Xiaohu Ge , Yonghui Li

Anticipating the intentions of vulnerable road users (VRUs) such as pedestrians and cyclists is critical for performing safe and comfortable driving maneuvers. This is the case for human driving and, thus, should be taken into account by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-10-10 Zhijie Fang , Antonio M. López

Completely unmanned autonomous vehicles have been anticipated for a while. Initially, these are expected to drive only under certain conditions on some roads, and advanced functionality is required to cope with the ever-increasing…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-07-23 Walter Morales Alvarez , Miguel Ángel de Miguel , Fernando García , Cristina Olaverri-Monreal

Safe and smooth interacting with other vehicles is one of the ultimate goals of driving automation. However, recent reports of demonstrative deployments of automated vehicles (AVs) indicate that AVs are still difficult to meet the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-05-11 Daofei Li , Ao Liu , Hao Pan , Wentao Chen

Observed accidents have been the main resource for road safety analysis over the past decades. Although such reliance seems quite straightforward, the rare nature of these events has made safety difficult to assess, especially for new and…

Applications · Statistics 2019-11-22 Joana Cavadas , Carlos Lima Azevedo , Haneen Farah , Ana Ferreira
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