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We propose efficient classical algorithms which (strongly) simulate the action of bosonic linear optics circuits applied to superpositions of Gaussian states. Our approach relies on an augmented covariance matrix formalism to keep track of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-19 Beatriz Dias , Robert Koenig

We propose efficient algorithms for classically simulating Gaussian unitaries and measurements applied to non-Gaussian initial states. The constructions are based on decomposing the non-Gaussian states into linear combinations of Gaussian…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-26 Oliver Hahn , Ryuji Takagi , Giulia Ferrini , Hayata Yamasaki

Fermionic linear optics is a model of quantum computation which is efficiently simulable on a classical probabilistic computer. We study the problem of a classical simulation of fermionic linear optics augmented with noisy auxiliary states.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-19 Michał Oszmaniec , Jan Gutt , Marek Kuś

Fermionic Gaussian circuits can be simulated efficiently on a classical computer, but become universal when supplemented with non-Gaussian operations. Similar to stabilizer circuits augmented with non-stabilizer resources, these…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-20 Beatriz Dias , Jan Lukas Bosse , James R. Seddon

We present a classical simulation method for fermionic quantum systems which, without loss of generality, can be represented by parity-preserving circuits made of two-qubit gates in a brick-wall structure. We map such circuits to a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-29 Carolin Wille , Sergii Strelchuk

This work explores displaced fermionic Gaussian operators with nonzero linear terms. We first demonstrate equivalence between several characterizations of displaced Gaussian states. We also provide an efficient classical simulation protocol…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-28 Xingjian Lyu , Kaifeng Bu

Fermionic linear optics is a limited form of quantum computation which is known to be efficiently simulable on a classical computer. We revisit and extend this result by enlarging the set of available computational gates: in addition to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-10-04 Sergey Bravyi , Robert Koenig

It is well known in quantum optics that any process involving the preparation of a multimode gaussian state, followed by a gaussian operation and gaussian measurements, can be efficiently simulated by classical computers. Here, we provide…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-22 Michael G. Jabbour , Leonardo Novo

This paper introduces an innovative approach for representing Gaussian fermionic states, pivotal in quantum spin systems and fermionic models, within a range of alternative quantum bases. We focus on transitioning these states from the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-24 Babak Tarighi , Reyhaneh Khasseh , M. A. Rajabpour

Fermionic linear optics is efficiently classically simulatable. Here it is shown that the set of states achievable with fermionic linear optics and particle measurements is the closure of a low dimensional Lie group. The weakness of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 E. Knill

We significantly enhance the simulation accuracy of initial Trotter circuits for Hamiltonian simulation of quantum systems by integrating first-order Riemannian optimization with tensor network methods. Unlike previous approaches, our…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-30 Isabel Nha Minh Le , Shuo Sun , Christian B. Mendl

Fermionic linear optics (FLO) with Gaussian resources is efficiently classically simulable. We show that this is no longer the case for such quantum circuits for fermions with internal degrees of freedom, equipped with mid-circuit number…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-27 Chenfeng Cao , Yifan Tang , Jens Eisert

We review existing classical simulation methods for performing fermionic Gaussian operations and develop new methods to address the gap by adhering to the fundamental theoretical framework established by Bravyi [Quantum Info. Comput. 5, 216…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-24 Yinan Fang , Hyesung Choi , Minchul Lee , Mahn-Soo Choi

Simulating strongly correlated fermionic systems is notoriously hard on classical computers. An alternative approach, as proposed by Feynman, is to use a quantum computer. Here, we discuss quantum simulation of strongly correlated fermionic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-05-02 Zhang Jiang , Kevin J. Sung , Kostyantyn Kechedzhi , Vadim N. Smelyanskiy , Sergio Boixo

We consider Gaussian quantum circuits supplemented with non-Gaussian input states and derive sufficient conditions for efficient classical strong simulation of these circuits. In particular, we generalise the stellar representation of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-14 Ulysse Chabaud , Giulia Ferrini , Frédéric Grosshans , Damian Markham

Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) have been proposed as one of the most promising approaches to demonstrate quantum advantage on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. However, it has been unclear whether VQAs can maintain…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-15 Shigeo Hakkaku , Yuichiro Tashima , Kosuke Mitarai , Wataru Mizukami , Keisuke Fujii

We define fermionic convolution and demonstrate its utility in characterizing fermionic non-Gaussian components, which are essential to the computational advantage of fermionic systems. Using fermionic convolution, we propose an efficient…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-10 Xingjian Lyu , Kaifeng Bu

We present and open source a quantum circuit simulator tailored to chemistry applications. More specifically, our simulator can compute the Born-rule probabilities of samples obtained from circuits containing passive fermionic linear…

The experimental realization of increasingly complex quantum states underscores the pressing need for new methods of state learning and verification. In one such framework, quantum state tomography, the aim is to learn the full quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-30 Antonio Anna Mele , Yaroslav Herasymenko

We investigate work extraction from non-interacting fermions under arbitrary unitary operations and the more restricted class of Gaussian unitary operations that can be feasibly implemented. We characterize general quantum states in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-17 Marvellous Onuma-Kalu , Robert B. Mann
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