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The Fourier-cosine expansion (COS) method is used to price European options numerically in a very efficient way. To apply the COS method, one has to specify two parameters: a truncation range for the density of the log-returns and a number…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2024-04-02 Gero Junike

The Fourier cosine expansion (COS) method is used for pricing European options numerically very fast. To apply the COS method, a truncation range for the density of the log-returns need to be provided. Using Markov's inequality, we derive a…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2022-01-31 Gero Junike , Konstantin Pankrashkin

The COS method is a very efficient way to compute European option prices under L\'evy models or affine stochastic volatility models, based on a Fourier Cosine expansion of the density, involving the characteristic function. This note shows…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-07-22 Fabien LeFloc'h

We provide a rigorous convergence proof demonstrating that the well-known semi-analytical Fourier cosine (COS) formula for the inverse Fourier transform of continuous probability distributions can be extended to discrete probability…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-10-10 Xiaoyu Shen , Fang Fang , Chengguang Liu

This paper proposes the option-implied Fourier-cosine method, iCOS, for non-parametric estimation of risk-neutral densities, option prices, and option sensitivities. The iCOS method leverages the Fourier-based COS technique, proposed by…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2024-02-13 Evgenii Vladimirov

Efficiently pricing multi-asset options is a challenging problem in quantitative finance. When the characteristic function is available, Fourier-based methods are competitive compared to alternative techniques because the integrand in the…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2024-01-17 Michael Samet , Christian Bayer , Chiheb Ben Hammouda , Antonis Papapantoleon , Raúl Tempone

This paper initiates a series of studies on a COS-tensor framework, as an efficient alternative to MC for large and liquid portfolios characterized by a modest number of dominant risk factors but a large number of trades. The framework is…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2026-02-24 Gijs Mast , Fang Fang , Xiaoyu Shen , Marnix Brands

We study the truncation error of the COS method and give simple, verifiable conditions that guarantee convergence. In one dimension, COS is admissible when the density belongs to both L1 and L2 and has a finite weighted L2 moment of order…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-12-03 Qinling Wang , Xiaoyu Shen , Fang Fang

A higher-order numerical method is presented for scalar valued, coupled forward-backward stochastic differential equations. Unlike most classical references, the forward component is not only discretized by an Euler-Maruyama approximation…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-01-22 Balint Negyesi , Cornelis W. Oosterlee

The goal of this paper is to investigate the method outlined by one of us (PR) in Cherubini et al. (2009) to compute option prices. We name it the SINC approach. While the COS method by Fang and Osterlee (2009) leverages the Fourier-cosine…

Pricing of Securities · Quantitative Finance 2021-05-20 Fabio Baschetti , Giacomo Bormetti , Silvia Romagnoli , Pietro Rossi

We provide theoretical error bounds for the accurate numerical computation of the quantile function given the characteristic function of a continuous random variable. We show theoretically and empirically that the numerical error of the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-02-20 Gero Junike

The COS method proposed in Fang and Oosterlee (2008), although highly efficient, may lack robustness for a number of cases. In this paper, we present a Stable pricing of call options based on Fourier cosine series expansion. The Stability…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2017-01-10 Chunfa Wang

Here we develop an option pricing method based on Legendre series expansion of the density function. The key insight, relying on the close relation of the characteristic function with the series coefficients, allows to recover the density…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2017-03-21 Julien Hok , Tat Lung Chan

We propose a method to efficiently integrate truncated probability densities. The method uses Markov chain Monte Carlo method to sample from a probability density matching the function being integrated. The required normalisation or…

Computation · Statistics 2013-12-10 A. John Arul , Kannan Iyer

A software library is presented for the polynomial expansion method (PEM) of the density of states (DOS) developed by two of the authors (N.F. and Y. M.). The library provides all necessary functions for the use of the PEM and its truncated…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2007-05-23 G. Alvarez , C. Sen , N. Furukawa , Y. Motome , E. Dagotto

We introduce a lightweight, flexible and end-to-end trainable probability density model parameterized by a constrained Fourier basis. We assess its performance at approximating a range of multi-modal 1D densities, which are generally…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Alfredo De la Fuente , Saurabh Singh , Johannes Ballé

We present an alternative formula to price European options through cosine series expansions, under models with a known characteristic function such as the Heston stochastic volatility model. It is more robust across strikes and as fast as…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2020-06-04 Fabien Le Floc'h

For certain types of statistical models, the characteristic function (Fourier transform) is available in closed form, whereas the probability density function has an intractable form, typically as an infinite sum of probability weighted…

Computation · Statistics 2020-08-20 Berent Å. S. Lunde , Tore S. Kleppe , Hans J. Skaug

Fourier pricing methods such as the Carr-Madan formula or the COS method are classic tools for pricing European options for advanced models such as the Heston model. These methods require tuning parameters such as a damping factor, a…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2024-12-09 Gero Junike , Hauke Stier

Using classical field approximation we present the first study of statistical properties of one dimensional Bose gas with attractive interaction. The canonical probability distribution is generated with the help of a Monte Carlo method.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-27 Przemyslaw Bienias , Krzysztof Pawlowski , Mariusz Gajda , Kazimierz Rzazewski
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