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In this chapter, I present a summary of observational tests of the basic picture of disk accretion. An emphasis is placed on tests relevant to black holes, but many of the fundamental results are drawn from studies of other classes of…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-18 Thomas J. Maccarone

The field of gravitational waves is rapidly progressing due to the noticeable advancements in the sensitivity of gravitational-wave detectors that has enabled the detection prospects of binary black hole mergers. Extreme mass ratio inspiral…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-03-05 Mostafizur Rahman , Shailesh Kumar , Arpan Bhattacharyya

Standard accretion disk theory (Shakura & Sunyaev 1973) predicts that the total pressure in disks at typical (sub-)Eddington accretion rates becomes radiation pressure dominated. However, radiation pressure dominated disks are thermally…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2017-09-29 Yasaman K. Yazdi , Niayesh Afshordi

One of the sources of gravitational waves for the proposed space-based gravitational wave detector, the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), are the inspirals of compact objects into supermassive black holes in the centres of galaxies…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2010-05-25 Jonathan R. Gair , Christopher Tang , Marta Volonteri

The inspiral of a stellar-mass compact object into a massive ($\sim 10^{4}$-$10^{7} M_{\odot}$) black hole produces an intricate gravitational-wave signal. Due to the extreme-mass ratios involved, these systems complete $\sim…

Extreme mass-ratio inspirals (EMRIs) are among the primary targets of future space-based gravitational-wave observatories, such as LISA, TianQin, and Taiji. Active galactic nucleus (AGN) disks provide a gas-rich environment in which…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-05-29 LingQin Xue , Zoltán Haiman , Hiromichi Tagawa , Imre Bartos

Extreme-mass-ratio inspirals (EMRIs) and intermediate-mass-ratio inspirals (IMRIs) are important gravitational-wave (GW) sources for the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). So far, their formation and evolution are considered to be…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2023-06-14 Peng Peng , Xian Chen

The detection of the gravitational waves emitted in the capture process of a compact object by a massive black hole is known as an extreme-mass ratio inspiral (EMRI) and represents a unique probe of gravity in the strong regime and is one…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2019-07-03 Pau Amaro-Seoane

Extreme mass ratio inspirals (EMRIs) occur when stellar-mass compact objects begin a gravitational wave (GW) driven inspiral into massive black holes. EMRI waveforms can precisely map the surrounding spacetime, making them a key target for…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2023-04-27 Ismail Qunbar , Nicholas C. Stone

Extreme mass ratio inspirals (EMRIs) -- systems with a compact object orbiting a much more massive (e.g., galactic center) black hole -- are of interest both as a new probe of the environments of galactic nuclei, and their waveforms are a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-11-09 Makana Silva , Christopher Hirata

Although the occurrence of steady supercritical disk accretion onto a black hole has been speculated about since the 1970s, it has not been accurately verified so far. For the first time, we previously demonstrated it through…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 Ken Ohsuga , Shin Mineshige

Transitional disks are protoplanetary disk around young stars that display inner holes in the dust distribution within a few AU, which is accompanied nevertheless by some gas accretion onto the central star. These cavities could possibly be…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2013-12-03 Tobias W. A. Müller , Wilhelm Kley

Extreme-Mass-Ratio Inspirals (EMRIs) are one of the key targets for future space-based gravitational wave detectors, such as LISA. The scientific potential of these sources can only be fully realized with fast and accurate waveform models.…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-04-29 Hassan Khalvati , Alessandro Santini , Francisco Duque , Lorenzo Speri , Jonathan Gair , Huan Yang , Richard Brito

Context: Magnetic fields play a pivotal role in dynamics of black hole accretion flows and formation of relativistic jets. Observations by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) provided unprecedented insights into accretion structures near…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-02-04 Saurabh , Maciek Wielgus , Arman Tursunov , Andrei P. Lobanov , Razieh Emami

Black-hole accretion systems are known to possess several distinct modes (or spectral states), such as low/hard state, high/soft state, and so on. Since the dynamics of the corresponding flows is distinct, theoretical models were separately…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-05-13 Ken Ohsuga , Shin Mineshige , Masao Mori , Yoshiaki Kato

This paper continues the analysis of a set of general relativistic 3D MHD simulations of accreting tori in the Kerr metric with different black hole spins. We focus on bound matter inside the initial pressure maximum, where the…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-10 Julian H. Krolik , John F. Hawley , Shigenobu Hirose

Radiation pressure-dominated accretion disks are predicted to exhibit strong density inhomogeneities on scales much smaller than the disk scale height, due to the nonlinear development of photon bubble instability. Radiation would escape…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-07 Mitchell C. Begelman

One of the most exciting potential sources of gravitational waves for the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) are the inspirals of approximately solar mass compact objects into massive black holes in the centres of galaxies - extreme…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-13 Jonathan R Gair

Extreme Mass Ratio Inspirals (EMRIs) can be classified as dry EMRIs and wet EMRIs based on their formation mechanisms. Dry (or the "loss-cone") EMRIs, previously considered as the main EMRI sources for the Laser Interferometer Space…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-09-08 Zhen Pan , Zhenwei Lyu , Huan Yang

One of the primary sources for the future space-based gravitational wave detector, the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna, are the inspirals of small compact objects into massive black holes in the centres of galaxies. The gravitational…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-06-16 Lorenzo Speri , Jonathan R. Gair