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Related papers: An Empirical Study & Evaluation of Modern CAPTCHAs

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CAPTCHAs have been a critical bottleneck for deploying web agents in real-world applications, often blocking them from completing end-to-end automation tasks. While modern multimodal LLM agents have demonstrated impressive performance in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Yaxin Luo , Zhaoyi Li , Jiacheng Liu , Jiacheng Cui , Xiaohan Zhao , Zhiqiang Shen

Chatbots, the common moniker for collaborative assistants, are Artificial Intelligence (AI) software that enables people to naturally interact with them to get tasks done. Although chatbots have been studied since the dawn of AI, they have…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-09-15 Biplav Srivastava , Kausik Lakkaraju , Tarmo Koppel , Vignesh Narayanan , Ashish Kundu , Sachindra Joshi

Capture the Flag challenges are a popular form of cybersecurity education, where students solve hands-on tasks in an informal, game-like setting. The tasks feature diverse assignments, such as exploiting websites, cracking passwords, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-01-06 Valdemar Švábenský , Pavel Čeleda , Jan Vykopal , Silvia Brišáková

In this paper we study the suitability of a new generation of CAPTCHA methods based on smartphone interactions. The heterogeneous flow of data generated during the interaction with the smartphones can be used to model human behavior when…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-10-07 Alejandro Acien , Aythami Morales , Julian Fierrez , Ruben Vera-Rodriguez , Oscar Delgado-Mohatar

Turing test was originally proposed to examine whether machine's behavior is indistinguishable from a human. The most popular and practical Turing test is CAPTCHA, which is to discriminate algorithm from human by offering recognition-alike…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-04-23 Jiaming Zhang , Jitao Sang , Kaiyuan Xu , Shangxi Wu , Yongli Hu , Yanfeng Sun , Jian Yu

Image CAPTCHA, aiming at effectively distinguishing human users from malicious script attacks, has been an important mechanism to protect online systems from spams and abuses. Despite the increasing interests in developing and deploying…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2016-12-06 Junnan Yu , Xuna Ma , Ting Han

The increasing progress in artificial intelligence and respective machine learning technology has fostered the proliferation of chatbots to the point where today they are being embedded into various human-technology interaction tasks. In…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-11-03 Johanna Schmidhuber , Stephan Schlögl , Christian Ploder

Benefiting from strong and efficient multi-modal alignment strategies, Large Visual Language Models (LVLMs) are able to simulate human visual and reasoning capabilities, such as solving CAPTCHAs. However, existing benchmarks based on visual…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Jianyi Zhang , Ziyin Zhou , Xu Ji , Shizhao Liu , Zhangchi Zhao

As a result of continuing advances in computer capabilities, it is becoming increasingly difficult to distinguish between humans and computers in the digital world. We propose using the fundamental human ability to distinguish between…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-07-09 Nasser Mohammed Al-Fannah

Chatbots are intelligent conversational computer systems designed to mimic human conversation to enable automated online guidance and support. The increased benefits of chatbots led to their wide adoption by many industries in order to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Guendalina Caldarini , Sardar Jaf , Kenneth McGarry

Software bots operating in multiple virtual digital platforms must understand the platforms' affordances and behave like human users. Platform affordances or features differ from one application platform to another or through a life cycle,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Habtom Kahsay Gidey , Peter Hillmann , Andreas Karcher , Alois Knoll

In recent years, the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) especially multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs), has enabled it to understand text, images, videos, and other multimedia data, allowing AI systems to execute…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Lehao Lin , Ke Wang , Maha Abdallah , Wei Cai

Completely Automated Public Turing Test To Tell Computers and Humans Apart (CAPTCHA) is a type of challenge-response test widely used in authentication systems. A well-known challenge it faces is the CAPTCHA farm, where workers are hired to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Rui Jin , Yong Liao , Pengyuan Zhou

Software bots have attracted increasing interest and popularity in both research and society. Their contributions span automation, digital twins, game characters with conscious-like behavior, and social media. However, there is still a lack…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-11-22 Habtom Kahsay Gidey , Peter Hillmann , Andreas Karcher , Alois Knoll

Trust is an important factor in people's interactions with AI systems. However, there is a lack of empirical studies examining how real end-users trust or distrust the AI system they interact with. Most research investigates one aspect of…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-05-16 Sunnie S. Y. Kim , Elizabeth Anne Watkins , Olga Russakovsky , Ruth Fong , Andrés Monroy-Hernández

Following the principle of to set one's own spear against one's own shield, we study how to design adversarial CAPTCHAs in this paper. We first identify the similarity and difference between adversarial CAPTCHA generation and existing hot…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-01-07 Chenghui Shi , Xiaogang Xu , Shouling Ji , Kai Bu , Jianhai Chen , Raheem Beyah , Ting Wang

GUI agents are rapidly shifting from multi-module pipelines to end-to-end, native vision-language models (VLMs) that perceive raw screenshots and directly interact with digital devices. Despite rapid progress on general GUI tasks, CAPTCHA…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Yuxi Chen , Haoyu Zhai , Chenkai Wang , Rui Yang , Lingming Zhang , Gang Wang , Huan Zhang

The use of autonomous bots for automatic support in software development tasks is increasing. In the past, however, they were not always perceived positively and sometimes experienced a negative bias compared to their human counterparts. We…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-02-10 Marvin Wyrich , Regina Hebig , Stefan Wagner , Riccardo Scandariato

The advent of ChatGPT, a large language model-powered chatbot, has prompted questions about its potential implications for traditional search engines. In this study, we investigate the differences in user behavior when employing search…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Ruiyun Xu , Yue Feng , Hailiang Chen

Capture The Flag (CTF) challenges are puzzles related to computer security scenarios. With the advent of large language models (LLMs), more and more CTF participants are using LLMs to understand and solve the challenges. However, so far no…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Minghao Shao , Boyuan Chen , Sofija Jancheska , Brendan Dolan-Gavitt , Siddharth Garg , Ramesh Karri , Muhammad Shafique