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This paper establishes a comprehensive approximation result for deep fully-connected neural networks with commonly-used and general activation functions in Sobolev spaces $W^{n,\infty}$, with errors measured in the $W^{m,p}$-norm for $m <…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Yahong Yang , Juncai He

This paper studies the compression of partial differential operators using neural networks. We consider a family of operators, parameterized by a potentially high-dimensional space of coefficients that may vary on a large range of scales.…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-03-29 Fabian Kröpfl , Roland Maier , Daniel Peterseim

We introduce a variational framework to learn the activation functions of deep neural networks. Our aim is to increase the capacity of the network while controlling an upper-bound of the actual Lipschitz constant of the input-output…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-19 Shayan Aziznejad , Harshit Gupta , Joaquim Campos , Michael Unser

This paper establishes the Quantum Voronovskaya--Damasclin (QVD) Theorem, providing a complete asymptotic characterization of Quantum Neural Network Operators in the approximation of arbitrary quantum channels. The result extends the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-20 Rômulo Damasclin Chaves dos Santos

Deep and wide neural networks successfully fit very complex functions today, but dense models are starting to be prohibitively expensive for inference. To mitigate this, one promising direction is networks that activate a sparse subgraph of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-10 Cenk Baykal , Nishanth Dikkala , Rina Panigrahy , Cyrus Rashtchian , Xin Wang

The standard Universal Approximation Theorem for operator neural networks (NNs) holds for arbitrary width and bounded depth. Here, we prove that operator NNs of bounded width and arbitrary depth are universal approximators for continuous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-24 Annan Yu , Chloé Becquey , Diana Halikias , Matthew Esmaili Mallory , Alex Townsend

Neural scaling laws play a pivotal role in the performance of deep neural networks and have been observed in a wide range of tasks. However, a complete theoretical framework for understanding these scaling laws remains underdeveloped. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Hao Liu , Zecheng Zhang , Wenjing Liao , Hayden Schaeffer

Machine learning with density operators, the mathematical foundation of quantum mechanics, is gaining prominence with rapid advances in quantum computing. Generative models based on density operators cannot yet handle tasks that are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Adit Vishnu , Abhay Shastry , Dhruva Kashyap , Chiranjib Bhattacharyya

We study the expressive power of deep ReLU neural networks for approximating functions in dilated shift-invariant spaces, which are widely used in signal processing, image processing, communications and so on. Approximation error bounds are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Yunfei Yang , Zhen Li , Yang Wang

We study in this paper properties of functions of perturbed normal operators and develop earlier results obtained in \cite{APPS2}. We study operator Lipschitz and commutator Lipschitz functions on closed subsets of the plane. For such…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2014-02-26 Aleksei Aleksandrov , Vladimir Peller

We show the existence of a deep neural network capable of approximating a wide class of high-dimensional approximations. The construction of the proposed neural network is based on a quasi-optimal polynomial approximation. We show that this…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2019-12-09 Joseph Daws , Clayton Webster

We develop a sharp boundary trace theory in arbitrary bounded Lipschitz domains which, in contrast to classical results, allows "forbidden" endpoints and permits the consideration of functions exhibiting very limited regularity. This is…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2022-09-20 Jussi Behrndt , Fritz Gesztesy , Marius Mitrea

In this paper, we investigate the approximation behavior of both one and multidimensional neural network type operators for functions in $L^p(I^d,\rho)$, where $1\leq p<\infty$, associated with a general measure $\rho$ defined over a…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2025-12-23 Nitin Bartwal , A. Sathish Kumar

In this paper, we explain the universal approximation capabilities of deep residual neural networks through geometric nonlinear control. Inspired by recent work establishing links between residual networks and control systems, we provide a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Paulo Tabuada , Bahman Gharesifard

We study the Finite-Dimensional Distributions (FDDs) of deep neural networks with randomly initialized weights that have finite-order moments. Specifically, we establish Gaussian approximation bounds in the Wasserstein-$1$ norm between the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-05 Krishnakumar Balasubramanian , Nathan Ross

For several classes of neural PDE solvers (Deep Ritz, PINNs, DeepONets), the ability to approximate the solution or solution operator to a partial differential equation (PDE) hinges on the abilitiy of a neural network to approximate the…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2024-12-11 Malhar Vaishampayan , Stephan Wojtowytsch

We develop a theoretical analysis for special neural network architectures, termed operator recurrent neural networks, for approximating nonlinear functions whose inputs are linear operators. Such functions commonly arise in solution…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-01-05 Maarten V. de Hoop , Matti Lassas , Christopher A. Wong

Graph representation learning has achieved a remarkable success in many graph-based applications, such as node classification, link prediction, and community detection. These models are usually designed to preserve the vertex information at…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2020-01-22 Kangfei Zhao , Yu Rong , Jeffrey Xu Yu , Junzhou Huang , Hao Zhang

Operator learning has emerged as a new paradigm for the data-driven approximation of nonlinear operators. Despite its empirical success, the theoretical underpinnings governing the conditions for efficient operator learning remain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Nikola B. Kovachki , Samuel Lanthaler , Hrushikesh Mhaskar

Verifying correctness of deep neural networks (DNNs) is challenging. We study a generic reachability problem for feed-forward DNNs which, for a given set of inputs to the network and a Lipschitz-continuous function over its outputs,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-08 Wenjie Ruan , Xiaowei Huang , Marta Kwiatkowska