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Quantum annealers like those from D-Wave Systems implement adiabatic quantum computing to solve optimization problems, but their analog nature and limited control functionalities present challenges to correcting or mitigating errors. As…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-11 Hristo N. Djidjev

Quantum Boltzmann machines are natural quantum generalizations of Boltzmann machines that are expected to be more expressive than their classical counterparts, as evidenced both numerically for small systems and asymptotically under various…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-05 Eric R. Anschuetz , Yudong Cao

We investigate whether quantum annealers with select chip layouts can outperform classical computers in reinforcement learning tasks. We associate a transverse field Ising spin Hamiltonian with a layout of qubits similar to that of a deep…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-01-07 Daniel Crawford , Anna Levit , Navid Ghadermarzy , Jaspreet S. Oberoi , Pooya Ronagh

Restricted Boltzmann machines (RBMs) are powerful machine learning models, but learning and some kinds of inference in the model require sampling-based approximations, which, in classical digital computers, are implemented using expensive…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2014-10-27 Vincent Dumoulin , Ian J. Goodfellow , Aaron Courville , Yoshua Bengio

Boltzmann machines (BMs) are powerful energy-based generative models, but their heavy training cost has largely confined practical use to Restricted BMs (RBMs) trained with an efficient learning method called contrastive divergence. More…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Kentaro Kubo , Hayato Goto

The Boltzmann machine is one of the various applications using quantum annealer. We propose an application of the Boltzmann machine to the kernel matrix used in various machine-learning techniques. We focus on the fact that shift-invariant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-04-21 Yasushi Hasegawa , Hiroki Oshiyama , Masayuki Ohzeki

In Deep Learning, a well-known approach for training a Deep Neural Network starts by training a generative Deep Belief Network model, typically using Contrastive Divergence (CD), then fine-tuning the weights using backpropagation or other…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-10-22 Steven H. Adachi , Maxwell P. Henderson

While quantum annealing (QA) has been developed for combinatorial optimization, practical QA devices operate at finite temperature and under noise, and their outputs can be regarded as stochastic samples close to a Gibbs--Boltzmann…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-14 Yasushi Hasegawa , Masayuki Ohzeki

We investigate a framework for binary image denoising via restricted Boltzmann machines (RBMs) that introduces a denoising objective in quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) form and is well-suited for quantum annealing. The…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-21 Phillip Kerger , Ryoji Miyazaki

We present a real-world application that uses a quantum computer. Specifically, we train a RBM using QA for cybersecurity applications. The D-Wave 2000Q has been used to implement QA. RBMs are trained on the ISCX data, which is a benchmark…

Despite the attempts to apply a quantum annealer to Boltzmann sampling, it is still impossible to perform accurate sampling at arbitrary temperatures. Conventional distribution correction methods such as importance sampling and resampling…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-04-30 Ryosuke Shibukawa , Ryo Tamura , Koji Tsuda

Programmable quantum annealers are used as open-system samplers, but it is unclear when reverse annealing erases preparation memory and what the readout represents. Here we implement a subsystem-environment protocol on two D-Wave quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-20 Luis Lozano

The quantum Boltzmann machine (QBM) is a generative machine learning model for both classical data and quantum states. Training the QBM consists of minimizing the relative entropy from the model to the target state. This requires QBM…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-24 Onno Huijgen , Luuk Coopmans , Peyman Najafi , Marcello Benedetti , Hilbert J. Kappen

Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBMs) offer a versatile architecture for unsupervised machine learning that can in principle approximate any target probability distribution with arbitrary accuracy. However, the RBM model is usually not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-27 Lennart Dabelow , Masahito Ueda

By contrasting the performance of two quantum annealers operating at different temperatures, we address recent questions related to the role of temperature in these devices and their function as `Boltzmann samplers'. Using a method to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-01-03 Jeffrey Marshall , Eleanor G. Rieffel , Itay Hen

Restricted Boltzmann machines (RBMs) are energy-based models analogous to the Ising model and are widely applied in statistical machine learning. The standard inverse Ising problem with a complete dataset requires computing both data and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-09-01 Kaiji Sekimoto , Muneki Yasuda

Restricted Boltzmann machines (RBMs) are a class of neural networks that have been successfully employed as a variational ansatz for quantum many-body wave functions. Here, we develop an analytic method to study quantum many-body spin…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-06 Xiao-Qi Sun , Tamra Nebabu , Xizhi Han , Michael O. Flynn , Xiao-Liang Qi

Modest statistical differences between the sampling performances of the D-Wave quantum annealer (QA) and the classical Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), when applied to Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBMs), are explored to explain, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Abdelmoula El-Yazizi , Yaroslav Koshka

Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM) is a bipartite graphical model that is used as the building block in energy-based deep generative models. Due to numerical stability and quantifiability of the likelihood, RBM is commonly used with…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-11-15 Chun-Liang Li , Siamak Ravanbakhsh , Barnabas Poczos

We set up Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBM) to reproduce the Long Range Ising (LRI) models of the Ohmic type in one dimension. The RBM parameters are tuned by using the standard machine learning procedure with an additional method of…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2017-01-03 Ken-Ichi Aoki , Tamao Kobayashi