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Training agents in multi-agent competitive games presents significant challenges due to their intricate nature. These challenges are exacerbated by dynamics influenced not only by the environment but also by opponents' strategies. Existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-22 The Viet Bui , Tien Mai , Thanh Hong Nguyen

Self-healing capability is one of the most critical factors for a resilient distribution system, which requires intelligent agents to automatically perform restorative actions online, including network reconfiguration and reactive power…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-05-11 Yichen Zhang , Feng Qiu , Tianqi Hong , Zhaoyu Wang , Fangxing Li

Imitation learning enables autonomous agents to learn from human examples, without the need for a reward signal. Still, if the provided dataset does not encapsulate the task correctly, or when the task is too complex to be modeled, such…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Federico Malato , Ville Hautamaki

Developing Large Language Models (LLMs) to cooperate and compete effectively within multi-agent systems (MASs) is a critical step towards more advanced intelligence. While reinforcement learning (RL) has proven effective for enhancing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Huining Yuan , Zelai Xu , Zheyue Tan , Xiangmin Yi , Mo Guang , Kaiwen Long , Haojia Hui , Boxun Li , Xinlei Chen , Bo Zhao , Xiao-Ping Zhang , Chao Yu , Yu Wang

Large language models (LLMs) have been increasingly employed for (interactive) decision-making, via the development of LLM-based autonomous agents. Despite their emerging successes, the performance of LLM agents in decision-making has not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Chanwoo Park , Xiangyu Liu , Asuman Ozdaglar , Kaiqing Zhang

Scaling issues are mundane yet irritating for practitioners of reinforcement learning. Error scales vary across domains, tasks, and stages of learning; sometimes by many orders of magnitude. This can be detrimental to learning speed and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-13 Tom Schaul , Georg Ostrovski , Iurii Kemaev , Diana Borsa

Imitation learning (IL) enables agents to acquire skills by observing and replicating the behavior of one or multiple experts. In recent years, advances in deep learning have significantly expanded the capabilities and scalability of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Iason Chrysomallis , Georgios Chalkiadakis

This paper concerns imitation learning (IL) (i.e, the problem of learning to mimic expert behaviors from demonstrations) in cooperative multi-agent systems. The learning problem under consideration poses several challenges, characterized by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-11 The Viet Bui , Tien Mai , Thanh Hong Nguyen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown great success as high-level planners for zero-shot game-playing agents. However, these agents are primarily evaluated on Minecraft, where long-term planning is relatively straightforward. In contrast,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-04 Dominik Jeurissen , Diego Perez-Liebana , Jeremy Gow , Duygu Cakmak , James Kwan

In sequential decision-making environments, the primary approaches for training agents are Reinforcement Learning (RL) and Imitation Learning (IL). Unlike RL, which relies on modeling a reward function, IL leverages expert demonstrations,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Jonas Nüßlein , Maximilian Zorn , Philipp Altmann , Claudia Linnhoff-Popien

By formally defining the training processes of large language models (LLMs), which usually encompasses pre-training, supervised fine-tuning, and reinforcement learning with human feedback, within a single and unified machine learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Yang Liu , Peng Sun , Hang Li

Imitation learning (IL) is a popular paradigm for training policies in robotic systems when specifying the reward function is difficult. However, despite the success of IL algorithms, they impose the somewhat unrealistic requirement that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-16 Luca Viano , Yu-Ting Huang , Parameswaran Kamalaruban , Craig Innes , Subramanian Ramamoorthy , Adrian Weller

Large Language Model (LLM) Agents have recently garnered increasing interest yet they are limited in their ability to learn from trial and error, a key element of intelligent behavior. In this work, we argue that the capacity to learn new…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Haiteng Zhao , Chang Ma , Guoyin Wang , Jing Su , Lingpeng Kong , Jingjing Xu , Zhi-Hong Deng , Hongxia Yang

While advances in multi-agent learning have enabled the training of increasingly complex agents, most existing techniques produce a final policy that is not designed to adapt to a new partner's strategy. However, we would like our AI agents…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-06 Andy Shih , Stefano Ermon , Dorsa Sadigh

Recent advancements in machine learning provide methods to train autonomous agents capable of handling the increasing complexity of sequential decision-making in robotics. Imitation Learning (IL) is a prominent approach, where agents learn…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Jonas Werner , Kun Chu , Cornelius Weber , Stefan Wermter

In large systems, it is important for agents to learn to act effectively, but sophisticated multi-agent learning algorithms generally do not scale. An alternative approach is to find restricted classes of games where simple, efficient…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2009-03-16 Ian A. Kash , Eric J. Friedman , Joseph Y. Halpern

Imitation learning (IL) is a simple and powerful way to use high-quality human driving data, which can be collected at scale, to produce human-like behavior. However, policies based on imitation learning alone often fail to sufficiently…

The recent observation of neural power-law scaling relations has made a significant impact in the field of deep learning. A substantial amount of attention has been dedicated as a consequence to the description of scaling laws, although…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Oren Neumann , Claudius Gros

Large Language Model (LLM) agents are increasingly improved through interaction, yet most self-evolution methods adapt either the policy or the learning environment in isolation. We identify this structural gap as \emph{Agent-Environment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yihao Hu , Zhihao Wen , Xiujin Liu , Pan Wang , Xin Zhang , Wei Wu

While Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in certain reasoning tasks, they struggle in multi-agent games where the final outcome depends on the joint strategies of all agents. In multi-agent games, the non-stationarity of other agents brings…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yidong He , Yutao Lai , Pengxu Yang , Jiarui Gan , Jiexin Wang , Yi Cai , Mengchen Zhao