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We release Gaperon, a fully open suite of French-English-coding language models designed to advance transparency and reproducibility in large-scale model training. The Gaperon family includes 1.5B, 8B, and 24B parameter models trained on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Nathan Godey , Wissam Antoun , Rian Touchent , Rachel Bawden , Éric de la Clergerie , Benoît Sagot , Djamé Seddah

When using LLMs to address Non-Functional Requirements (NFRs), developers may behave differently (e.g., expressing the same NFR in different words). Robust LLMs should output consistent results across these variations; however, this aspect…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Feng Lin , Dong Jae Kim , Zhenhao Li , Jinqiu Yang , Tse-Hsun , Chen

Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods have emerged as a practical solution for adapting large foundation models to downstream tasks, reducing computational and memory costs by updating only a small subset of parameters. Among them,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Guoan Wan , Tianyu Chen , Fangzheng Feng , Haoyi Zhou , Runhua Xu

In today's world, the focus of programmers has shifted from writing complex, error-prone code to prioritizing simple, clear, efficient, and sustainable code that makes programs easier to understand. Code refactoring plays a critical role in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Md. Raihan Tapader , Md. Mostafizer Rahman , Ariful Islam Shiplu , Md Faizul Ibne Amin , Yutaka Watanobe

Recently, transformer-based generative recommendation has garnered significant attention for user behavior modeling. However, it often requires discretizing items into multi-code representations (e.g., typically four code tokens or more),…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Longtao Xiao , Haolin Zhang , Guohao Cai , Jieming Zhu , Yifan Wang , Heng Chang , Zhenhua Dong , Xiu Li , Ruixuan Li

Large language models (LLMs) often generate code that is functionally correct but inefficient in runtime and memory. Prior approaches to improving code efficiency typically rely on absolute execution feedback, such as profiling a single…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Samira Hajizadeh , Suman Jana

The concept of Self-Affirmed Refactoring (SAR) was introduced to explore how developers document their refactoring activities in commit messages, i.e., developers' explicit documentation of refactoring operations intentionally introduced…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-09-22 Eman Abdullah AlOmar , Mohamed Wiem Mkaouer , Ali Ouni

Code-generating Large Language Models (LLMs) significantly accelerate software development. However, their frequent generation of insecure code presents serious risks. We present a comprehensive evaluation of seven parameter-efficient…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Kiho Lee , Jungkon Kim , Doowon Kim , Hyoungshick Kim

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in code generation, achieving high scores on benchmarks such as HumanEval and MBPP. However, these benchmarks primarily assess functional correctness and neglect broader…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Scott Blyth , Sherlock A. Licorish , Christoph Treude , Markus Wagner

Imagine a developer who can only change their last line of code, how often would they have to start writing a function from scratch before it is correct? Auto-regressive models for code generation from natural language have a similar…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Mukul Singh , José Cambronero , Sumit Gulwani , Vu Le , Carina Negreanu , Gust Verbruggen

Refactoring is the process of improving the design of existing code by changing its internal structure without affecting its external behaviour, with the main aims of improving the quality of software product. Therefore, there is a belief…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2015-02-13 S. H. Kannangara , W. M. J. I. Wijayanayake

While code large language models have demonstrated remarkable progress in code generation, the generated code often exhibits poor runtime efficiency, limiting its practical application in performance-sensitive scenarios. To address this…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Yunlong Feng , Yang Xu , Xiao Xu , Binyuan Hui , Junyang Lin

Complex software can be hard to read, adapt, and maintain. Refactoring it can create cleaner and self-explanatory code. Refactoring tools try to guide developers towards better code, with more quality. However, most of them take too long to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Sara Fernandes , Ademar Aguiar , André Restivo

Automating the Extract Method refactoring (EMR) remains challenging and largely manual despite its importance in improving code readability and maintainability. Recent advances in open-source, resource-efficient Large Language Models (LLMs)…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Sivajeet Chand , Melih Kilic , Roland Würsching , Sushant Kumar Pandey , Alexander Pretschner

Recent work has shown that inference-time reasoning and reflection can improve text-to-image generation without retraining. However, existing approaches often rely on implicit, holistic critiques or unconstrained prompt rewrites, making…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-22 V. Kovalev , A. Kuvshinov , A. Buzovkin , D. Pokidov , D. Timonin

Large language models (LLMs) are effective for automated program repair, but plausible patches that pass the full test suite often rewrite more code than necessary, increasing review and maintenance costs. This over-editing is common…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Boyang Yang , Zijian Cai , Shunfu Jin , Haoye Tian

Robustness is a critical factor for reliable code generation by large language models, yet most evaluations focus on correctness and overlook key issues such as missing input validation and inadequate error handling. In this work, we…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Zike Li , Mingwei Liu , Anji Li , Kaifeng He , Yanlin Wang , Xin Peng , Zibin Zheng

Detecting semantic interference remains a challenge in collaborative software development. Recent lightweight static analysis techniques improve efficiency over SDG-based methods, but they still suffer from a high rate of false positives. A…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Victor Lira , Paulo Borba , Rodrigo Bonifácio , Galileu Santos e Matheus barbosa

Current auto-regressive (AR) LLMs, diffusion-based text/image generative models, and recent flow matching (FM) algorithms are capable of generating premium quality text/image samples. However, the inference or sample generation in these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Minyoung Kim

In recent years, data has emerged as the new gold, serving as a powerful tool for creating intelligent systems. However, procuring high-quality data remains challenging, especially for code. To address this, we developed TinyPy Generator, a…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Kamel Yamani , Marwa Naïr , Riyadh Baghdadi