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The annotation of textual information is a fundamental activity in Linguistics and Computational Linguistics. This article presents various observations on annotations. It approaches the topic from several angles including Hypertext,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-23 Georg Rehm

Task-oriented conversational datasets often lack topic variability and linguistic diversity. However, with the advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) pretrained on extensive, multilingual and diverse text data, these limitations seem…

Studies of writing revisions rarely focus on revision quality. To address this issue, we introduce a corpus of between-draft revisions of student argumentative essays, annotated as to whether each revision improves essay quality. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-13 Tazin Afrin , Diane Litman

Datasets are foundational to many breakthroughs in modern artificial intelligence. Many recent achievements in the space of natural language processing (NLP) can be attributed to the finetuning of pre-trained models on a diverse set of…

One of the core goals of responsible AI development is ensuring high-quality training datasets. Many researchers have pointed to the importance of the annotation step in the creation of high-quality data, but less attention has been paid to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-09-25 Hubert D. Zając , Natalia R. Avlona , Tariq O. Andersen , Finn Kensing , Irina Shklovski

Researchers have traditionally recruited native speakers to provide annotations for widely used benchmark datasets. However, there are languages for which recruiting native speakers can be difficult, and it would help to find learners of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Haneul Yoo , Rifki Afina Putri , Changyoon Lee , Youngin Lee , So-Yeon Ahn , Dongyeop Kang , Alice Oh

Machine learning relies heavily on data, yet the continuous growth of real-world data poses challenges for efficient dataset construction and training. A fundamental yet unsolved question is: given our current model and data, does a new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Ziheng Qin , Hailun Xu , Wei Chee Yew , Qi Jia , Yang Luo , Kanchan Sarkar , Danhui Guan , Kai Wang , Yang You

In the last five years there has been a flurry of work on information extraction from clinical documents, i.e., on algorithms capable of extracting, from the informal and unstructured texts that are generated during everyday clinical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Diego Marcheggiani , Fabrizio Sebastiani

In this paper, we examine the work of data annotation. Specifically, we focus on the role of counting or quantification in organising annotation work. Based on an ethnographic study of data annotation in two outsourcing centres in India, we…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-12-01 Srravya Chandhiramowuli , Alex Taylor , Sara Heitlinger , Ding Wang

Modern machine learning relies on datasets to develop and validate research ideas. Given the growth of publicly available data, finding the right dataset to use is increasingly difficult. Any research question imposes explicit and implicit…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-06-08 Vijay Viswanathan , Luyu Gao , Tongshuang Wu , Pengfei Liu , Graham Neubig

Recent advances in artificial intelligence, including the development of highly sophisticated large language models (LLM), have proven beneficial in many real-world applications. However, evidence of inherent bias encoded in these LLMs has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Vithya Yogarajan , Gillian Dobbie , Timothy Pistotti , Joshua Bensemann , Kobe Knowles

Human annotated data plays a crucial role in machine learning (ML) research and development. However, the ethical considerations around the processes and decisions that go into dataset annotation have not received nearly enough attention.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Mark Diaz , Ian D. Kivlichan , Rachel Rosen , Dylan K. Baker , Razvan Amironesei , Vinodkumar Prabhakaran , Emily Denton

Imitation learning field requires expert data to train agents in a task. Most often, this learning approach suffers from the absence of available data, which results in techniques being tested on its dataset. Creating datasets is a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-04 Nathan Gavenski , Michael Luck , Odinaldo Rodrigues

High-quality human annotations are necessary to create effective machine learning systems for social media. Low-quality human annotations indirectly contribute to the creation of inaccurate or biased learning systems. We show that human…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2019-07-18 Rahul Pandey , Carlos Castillo , Hemant Purohit

Datasets have played a foundational role in the advancement of machine learning research. They form the basis for the models we design and deploy, as well as our primary medium for benchmarking and evaluation. Furthermore, the ways in which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-16 Amandalynne Paullada , Inioluwa Deborah Raji , Emily M. Bender , Emily Denton , Alex Hanna

Citation recommendation describes the task of recommending citations for a given text. Due to the overload of published scientific works in recent years on the one hand, and the need to cite the most appropriate publications when writing…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-09-09 Michael Färber , Adam Jatowt

Annotated data plays a critical role in Natural Language Processing (NLP) in training models and evaluating their performance. Given recent developments in Large Language Models (LLMs), models such as ChatGPT demonstrate zero-shot…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Minzhi Li , Taiwei Shi , Caleb Ziems , Min-Yen Kan , Nancy F. Chen , Zhengyuan Liu , Diyi Yang

When training data are collected from human annotators, the design of the annotation instrument, the instructions given to annotators, the characteristics of the annotators, and their interactions can impact training data. This study…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-01-23 Christoph Kern , Stephanie Eckman , Jacob Beck , Rob Chew , Bolei Ma , Frauke Kreuter

Manual annotation of textual documents is a necessary task when constructing benchmark corpora for training and evaluating machine learning algorithms. We created a comprehensive directory of annotation tools that currently includes 93…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-15 Mariana Neves , Jurica Seva

In supervised learning, low quality annotations lead to poorly performing classification and detection models, while also rendering evaluation unreliable. This is particularly apparent on temporal data, where annotation quality is affected…