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Energy-based models (EBM) have become increasingly popular within computer vision. EBMs bring a probabilistic approach to training deep neural networks (DNN) and have been shown to enhance performance in areas such as calibration,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-05 Jacob Piland , Christopher Sweet , Priscila Saboia , Charles Vardeman , Adam Czajka

Current state-of-the-art generative models map noise to data distributions by matching flows or scores. A key limitation of these models is their inability to readily integrate available partial observations and additional priors. In…

Energy-Based Models (EBMs) offer a versatile framework for modeling complex data distributions. However, training and sampling from EBMs continue to pose significant challenges. The widely-used Denoising Score Matching (DSM) method for…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-03-20 Mingtian Zhang , Alex Hawkins-Hooker , Brooks Paige , David Barber

Contrastive learning is a method of learning visual representations by training Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) to increase the similarity between representations of positive pairs (transformations of the same image) and reduce the similarity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-26 Beomsu Kim , Jong Chul Ye

Energy-based modeling is a promising approach to unsupervised learning, which yields many downstream applications from a single model. The main difficulty in learning energy-based models with the "contrastive approaches" is the generation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-30 Kirill Neklyudov , Priyank Jaini , Max Welling

Maximum likelihood estimation is widely used in training Energy-based models (EBMs). Training requires samples from an unnormalized distribution, which is usually intractable, and in practice, these are obtained by MCMC algorithms such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-23 Zhisheng Xiao , Qing Yan , Yali Amit

In this paper, we quantify the impact of using non-convergent Markov chains to train Energy-Based models (EBMs). In particular, we show analytically that EBMs trained with non-persistent short runs to estimate the gradient can perfectly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Elisabeth Agoritsas , Giovanni Catania , Aurélien Decelle , Beatriz Seoane

Energy-based models (EBMs) provide a powerful and flexible way of learning a joint probability distribution over data by constructing an energy surface. This energy surface enables insight extraction and conditional sampling. We apply EBMs…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2026-05-12 Phil Travis , Troy Carter

Energy-Based Models (EBMs) assign unnormalized log-probability to data samples. This functionality has a variety of applications, such as sample synthesis, data denoising, sample restoration, outlier detection, Bayesian reasoning, and many…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-12-23 Zengyi Li , Yubei Chen , Friedrich T. Sommer

Multi-attribute classification generalizes classification, presenting new challenges for making accurate predictions and quantifying uncertainty. We build upon recent work and show that architectures for multi-attribute prediction can be…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-10 Jacob Kelly , Richard Zemel , Will Grathwohl

Noise contrastive estimation (NCE) is a popular method for training energy-based models (EBM) with intractable normalisation terms. The key idea of NCE is to learn by comparing unnormalised log-likelihoods of the reference and noisy…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Wanli Sun , Anton Ragni

Training energy-based models (EBMs) on high-dimensional data can be both challenging and time-consuming, and there exists a noticeable gap in sample quality between EBMs and other generative frameworks like GANs and diffusion models. To…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-11-12 Yaxuan Zhu , Jianwen Xie , Yingnian Wu , Ruiqi Gao

Training deep neural networks (DNNs) from noisy labels is an important and challenging task. However, most existing approaches focus on the corrupted labels and ignore the importance of inherent data structure. To bridge the gap between…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Zijia Wang , Wenbin Yang , Zhisong Liu , Zhen Jia

This paper studies the fundamental learning problem of the energy-based model (EBM). Learning the EBM can be achieved using the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), which typically involves the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling, such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-06 Jiali Cui , Tian Han

Learning an energy-based model from data samples is a central problem in machine learning. Many recent and popular methods, such as denoising score matching for training energy-based diffusion models, use stochastic interpolants to corrupt…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Hanlin Yu , RuiKang OuYang , Partha Kaushik , Arto Klami , Michael U. Gutmann , Omar Chehab

Many DNN-enabled vision applications constantly operate under severe energy constraints such as unmanned aerial vehicles, Augmented Reality headsets, and smartphones. Designing DNNs that can meet a stringent energy budget is becoming…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-09 Haichuan Yang , Yuhao Zhu , Ji Liu

Energy-based models (EBMs) are a flexible class of deep generative models and are well-suited to capture complex dependencies in multimodal data. However, learning multimodal EBM by maximum likelihood requires Markov Chain Monte Carlo…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Jiali Cui , Zhiqiang Lao , Heather Yu

By reinterpreting a robust discriminative classifier as Energy-based Model (EBM), we offer a new take on the dynamics of adversarial training (AT). Our analysis of the energy landscape during AT reveals that untargeted attacks generate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Mujtaba Hussain Mirza , Maria Rosaria Briglia , Senad Beadini , Iacopo Masi

Energy-Based Models (EBMs) are an important class of probabilistic models, also known as random fields and undirected graphical models. EBMs are un-normalized and thus radically different from other popular self-normalized probabilistic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Zhijian Ou

Perturb-and-MAP offers an elegant approach to approximately sample from a energy-based model (EBM) by computing the maximum-a-posteriori (MAP) configuration of a perturbed version of the model. Sampling in turn enables learning. However,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-11-08 Miguel Lazaro-Gredilla , Antoine Dedieu , Dileep George