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To tackle interpretability in deep learning, we present a novel framework to jointly learn a predictive model and its associated interpretation model. The interpreter provides both local and global interpretability about the predictive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-24 Jayneel Parekh , Pavlo Mozharovskyi , Florence d'Alché-Buc

Distributed word vector spaces are considered hard to interpret which hinders the understanding of natural language processing (NLP) models. In this work, we introduce a new method to interpret arbitrary samples from a word vector space. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-04-03 Robert Schwarzenberg , Lisa Raithel , David Harbecke

We introduce a dataset of concept learning tasks that helps uncover implicit biases in large language models. Using in-context concept learning experiments, we found that language models may have a bias toward upward monotonicity in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Leroy Z. Wang

Recent empirical evidence shows that LLM representations encode human-interpretable concepts. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which these representations emerge remain largely unexplored. To shed further light on this, we introduce a novel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yuhang Liu , Dong Gong , Yichao Cai , Erdun Gao , Zhen Zhang , Biwei Huang , Mingming Gong , Anton van den Hengel , Javen Qinfeng Shi

Explaining deep learning models is of vital importance for understanding artificial intelligence systems, improving safety, and evaluating fairness. To better understand and control the CNN model, many methods for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-24 Zhihao Wang , Chuang Zhu

*Concept-based explanations* offer a promising approach for explaining the predictions of deep neural networks in terms of high-level, human-understandable concepts. However, existing methods either do not establish a causal connection…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Ronaldo Canizales , Divya Gopinath , Corina Păsăreanu , Ravi Mangal

Text-to-image diffusion models have demonstrated an unparalleled ability to generate high-quality, diverse images from a textual prompt. However, the internal representations learned by these models remain an enigma. In this work, we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-06 Hila Chefer , Oran Lang , Mor Geva , Volodymyr Polosukhin , Assaf Shocher , Michal Irani , Inbar Mosseri , Lior Wolf

Concept bottleneck models are interpretable predictive models that are often used in domains where model trust is a key priority, such as healthcare. They identify a small number of human-interpretable concepts in the data, which they then…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Katrina Brown , Marton Havasi , Finale Doshi-Velez

Modern generative models demonstrate impressive capabilities, likely stemming from an ability to identify and manipulate abstract concepts underlying their training data. However, fundamental questions remain: what determines the concepts a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Core Francisco Park , Maya Okawa , Andrew Lee , Hidenori Tanaka , Ekdeep Singh Lubana

Deep learning algorithms have recently gained significant attention due to their impressive performance. However, their high complexity and un-interpretable mode of operation hinders their confident deployment in real-world safety-critical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Konstantinos P. Panousis , Dino Ienco , Diego Marcos

Ensuring trustworthiness in open-world visual recognition requires models that are interpretable, fair, and robust to distribution shifts. Yet modern vision systems are increasingly deployed as proprietary black-box APIs, exposing only…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Simone Carnemolla , Chiara Russo , Simone Palazzo , Quentin Bouniot , Daniela Giordano , Zeynep Akata , Matteo Pennisi , Concetto Spampinato

Neural network models trained on text data have been found to encode undesirable linguistic or sensitive concepts in their representation. Removing such concepts is non-trivial because of a complex relationship between the concept, text…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Abhinav Kumar , Chenhao Tan , Amit Sharma

The opaque nature of Large Language Models (LLMs) has led to significant research efforts aimed at enhancing their interpretability, primarily through post-hoc methods. More recent in-hoc approaches, such as Concept Bottleneck Models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Or Raphael Bidusa , Shaul Markovitch

Model explainability is essential for the creation of trustworthy Machine Learning models in healthcare. An ideal explanation resembles the decision-making process of a domain expert and is expressed using concepts or terminology that is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-14 Sumedha Singla , Stephen Wallace , Sofia Triantafillou , Kayhan Batmanghelich

We propose a novel framework ConceptX, to analyze how latent concepts are encoded in representations learned within pre-trained language models. It uses clustering to discover the encoded concepts and explains them by aligning with a large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Hassan Sajjad , Nadir Durrani , Fahim Dalvi , Firoj Alam , Abdul Rafae Khan , Jia Xu

With the advent of highly predictive but opaque deep learning models, it has become more important than ever to understand and explain the predictions of such models. Existing approaches define interpretability as the inverse of complexity…

The opacity of deep neural networks remains a challenge in deploying solutions where explanation is as important as precision. We present ConceptX, a human-in-the-loop framework for interpreting and annotating latent representational space…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Firoj Alam , Fahim Dalvi , Nadir Durrani , Hassan Sajjad , Abdul Rafae Khan , Jia Xu

Concept-based explanations have emerged as an effective approach within Explainable Artificial Intelligence, enabling interpretable insights by aligning model decisions with human-understandable concepts. However, existing methods rely on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Payal Varshney , Adriano Lucieri , Christoph Balada , Andreas Dengel , Sheraz Ahmed

Continual learning aims to update models under distribution shift without forgetting, yet many high-stakes deployments, such as healthcare, also require interpretability. In practice, models that adapt well (e.g., deep networks) are often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Dongkyu Cho , Xiyue Li , Samrachana Adhikari , Rumi Chunara

Since early machine learning models, metrics such as accuracy and precision have been the de facto way to evaluate and compare trained models. However, a single metric number doesn't fully capture the similarities and differences between…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-02 Ahmad Mustapha , Wael Khreich , Wes Masri
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