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We give a sum over weighted planar surfaces formula for Wilson loop expectations in the large-$N$ limit of strongly coupled lattice Yang-Mills theory, in any dimension. The weights of each surface are simple and expressed in terms of…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-08-21 Jacopo Borga , Sky Cao , Jasper Shogren-Knaak

We derive new formulas for the expectation and variance of Wilson loops for any contractible simple loop on a compact orientable surface of genus $1$ and higher, in the model of two-dimensional Yang--Mills theory with structure group…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2025-05-27 Thibaut Lemoine

We identify a universal finite-$N$ structure underlying Wilson loop expectations in lattice Yang-Mills, in any dimension $d\geq 2$, for gauge group $\mathrm{U}(N)$, and for arbitrary smooth central plaquette actions. The starting point is a…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2026-04-20 Thibaut Lemoine

We give an almost purely combinatorial expression for Wilson loop expectations of the Yang-Mills holonomy process with values in the unitary group on a compact oriented surface, possibly with boundary and arbitrary boundary conditions. Our…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-03-10 Thierry Lévy

Although lattice Yang-Mills theory on finite subgraphs of $\mathbb Z^d$ is easy to rigorously define, the construction of a satisfactory continuum theory on $\mathbb R^d$ is a major open problem when $d \geq 3$. Such a theory should in some…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-11-26 Minjae Park , Joshua Pfeffer , Scott Sheffield , Pu Yu

We develop a powerful framework to calculate expectation values of polynomials and moments on compact Lie groups based on elementary representation-theoretic arguments and an integration by parts formula. In the setting of lattice gauge…

Probability · Mathematics 2022-03-23 Tobias Diez , Lukas Miaskiwskyi

The derivation of the explicit formula for the vacuum expectation value of the Wilson loop functional for an arbitrary gauge group on an arbitrary orientable two-dimensional manifold is considered both in the continuum case and on the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 J. M. Aroca , Yu. A. Kubyshin

In the context of two-dimensional large-$N$ lattice Yang--Mills theory, we perform a refined study of the surface sums defined in the companion work [BCSK24]. In this setting, the surface sums are a priori expected to exhibit significant…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-09-10 Jacopo Borga , Sky Cao , Jasper Shogren-Knaak

The vacuum expectation value of the Wilson loop functional in pure Yang-Mills theory on an arbitrary two-dimensional orientable manifold is studied. We consider the calculation of this quantity for the abelian theory in the continuum case…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-10-31 J. M. Aroca , Yu. Kubyshin

Lattice Gauge theories have been studied in the physics literature as discrete approximations to quantum Yang-Mills theory for a long time. Primary statistics of interest in these models are expectations of the so called "Wilson loop…

Probability · Mathematics 2017-08-14 Riddhipratim Basu , Shirshendu Ganguly

We define a path integral over Dirac operators that averages over noncommutative geometries on a fixed graph, as the title reveals, using quiver representations. We prove algebraic relations that are satisfied by the expectation value of…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2025-06-17 Carlos Perez-Sanchez

We study the $SU(\infty)$ lattice Yang-Mills theory at the dimensions $D=2,3,4$ via the numerical bootstrap method. It combines the Makeenko-Migdal loop equations, with a cut-off $L_{\mathrm{max}}$ on the maximal length of loops, and…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-01-28 Vladimir Kazakov , Zechuan Zheng

We consider the pure Yang-Mills relativistic quantum field theory in an imaginary time functional integral formulation. The gauge group is taken to be $\mathcal G = \mathrm U(N)$. We use a lattice ultraviolet regularization, starting with…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2020-05-05 Michael O'Carroll , Paulo A. Faria da Veiga

We analyze quantum Yang-Mills theory on $\mathbb{R}^2$ using a novel discretization method based on an algebraic analogue of stochastic calculus. Such an analogue involves working with "Gaussian" free fields whose covariance matrix is…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2018-02-21 Timothy Nguyen

Null Wilson loops in $\mathcal{N}=4$ super Yang-Mills are dual to planar scattering amplitudes. This duality implies hidden symmetries for both objects. We consider closely related infrared finite observables, defined as the Wilson loop…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2022-02-14 Dmitry Chicherin , Johannes M. Henn

We demonstrate that the large-N expansion of Wilson loop expectation values in SO(N) and Sp(N) Yang-Mills theory on orientable and nonorientable surfaces has a natural description as a weighted sum over covers of the given surface. The sum…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-10-28 Stephen G. Naculich , Harold A. Riggs , Howard J. Schnitzer

Lattice gauge theories are lattice approximations of the Yang-Mills theory in physics. The abelian lattice Higgs model is one of the simplest examples of a lattice gauge theory interacting with an external field. In a previous…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-08-23 Malin Palö Forsström

We make use of the global symmetries of the Yang-Mills theory on the lattice to design a new computational strategy for extracting glueball masses and matrix elements which achieves an exponential reduction of the statistical error with…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2015-05-20 Michele Della Morte , Leonardo Giusti

We formulate the theory of a 2-form gauge field on a Euclidean spacetime lattice. In this approach, the fundamental degrees of freedom live on the faces of the lattice, and the action can be constructed from the sum over Wilson surfaces…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-06-19 Arthur E. Lipstein , Ronald A. Reid-Edwards

This paper considers the large N limit of Wilson loops for the two-dimensional Euclidean Yang-Mills measure on all orientable compact surfaces of genus larger or equal to one, with a structure group given by a classical compact matrix Lie…

Probability · Mathematics 2023-08-28 Antoine Dahlqvist , Thibaut Lemoine
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