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We discuss the notion about physical quantities as having values represented by real numbers, and its limiting to describe nature to be understood in relation to our appreciation that the quantum theory is a better theory of natural…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-13 Otto C. W. Kong , Wei-Yin Liu

In classical physics, a single measurement can in principle reveal the state of a system. However, quantum theory permits numerous non-equivalent measurements on a physical system, each providing only limited information about the state.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-01 Yang Yu , Philip Goyal

Local observation is an important problem both for the foundations of a quantum theory of gravity and for applications to quantum-cosmological problems such as eternal inflation. While gauge invariant local observables can't be defined, it…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2008-11-26 Michael Gary , Steven B. Giddings

The role of the observers is frequently obscured in the literature, either by writing equations in a coordinate system implicitly pertaining to some specific observer or by entangling the invariance and the observer dependence of physical…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2013-05-14 Bruno Klajn , Ivica Smolić

This paper is an exploration of the nuanced realm of reference frames within the framework of General Relativity. Our analysis exposes a violation of Earman's SP1 principle in scenarios involving fields that are dynamically uncoupled, a…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2024-10-18 Nicola Bamonti , Henrique Gomes

A functional analysis of the task of observing multiple macroscopic quantum systems over an extended period of time and then reporting the accumulated results is used to investigate the information that must be encoded in the "ready" state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-03-08 Chris Fields

Quantum measurement and quantum operation theory is developed here by taking the relational properties among quantum systems, instead of the independent properties of a quantum system, as the most fundamental elements. By studying how the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-20 Jianhao M. Yang

Evidence for fine-tuning of physical parameters suitable for life can perhaps be explained by almost any combination of providence, coincidence or multiverse. A multiverse usually includes parts unobservable to us, but if the theory for it…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 Don N. Page

An observable on a quantum structure is any $\sigma$-homomorphism of quantum structures from the Borel $\sigma$-algebra into the quantum structure. We show that our partial information on an observable known only for all intervals of the…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2012-05-01 Anatolij Dvurečenskij , Mária Kuková

The description of Wigner-friend scenarios -- in which external agents describe a closed laboratory containing a friend making a measurement -- remains problematic due to the ambiguous nature of quantum measurements. One option is to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-16 J. Allam , A. Matzkin

In this article I deal with the notion of observation in the most fundamental sense and its representation by means of formal languages serving as expressional tools of formal-axiomatical theories. In doing so, I have taken this notion in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-02-10 Stathis Livadas

We attempt to dissolve the measurement problem using an anthropic principle which allows us to invoke rational observers. We argue that the key feature of such observers is that they are rational (we need not care whether they are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Thomas Marlow

The paper \cite{Dance0601} tentatively suggested a physical picture that might underlie string theories. The string parameters $\tau $ and $\sigma_i $ were interpreted as spacetime dimensions which a simple quantum mechanical observer can…

General Physics · Physics 2010-12-21 M. Dance

After centuries of research, how subjective experience relates to physical phenomena remains unclear. Recent strategies attempt to identify the physical correlates of experience. Less studied is how scientists eliminate the "spurious"…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-05-20 John Realpe-Gomez

What is the observer's role in quantum measurement? Obviously, observers prepare the apparatus, observe and interpret the measured results. Although the observer will have a certain influence on the measurement results by setting up the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-01 Lizhi Xin , Houwen Xin

Physical time intervals are attributes of single physical object whereas physical space intervals are a relational attribute of two physical objects. Some consequences of the breaking of the space-time exchange symmetry inherent in the…

General Physics · Physics 2008-09-25 J. H. Field

We propose that observables in quantum theory are properly understood as representatives of symmetry-invariant quantities relating one system to another, the latter to be called a reference system. We provide a rigorous mathematical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-03-14 Leon Loveridge , Takayuki Miyadera , Paul Busch

The relation between quantum measurement and thermodynamically irreversible processes is investigated. The reduction of the state vector is fundamentally asymmetric in time and shows an observer-relatedness which may explain the double…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 H. D. Zeh

This paper considers the relevance of the concepts of observability and computability in physical theory. Observability is related to verifiability which is essential for effective computing and as physical systems are computational systems…

General Physics · Physics 2012-06-28 Subhash Kak

This work is a conceptual analysis of certain recent developments in the mathematical foundations of Classical and Quantum Mechanics which have allowed to formulate both theories in a common language. From the algebraic point of view, the…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2016-12-12 Federico Zalamea
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