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The transient execution attack is a type of attack leveraging the vulnerability of modern CPU optimization technologies. New attacks surface rapidly. The side-channel is a key part of transient execution attacks to leak data. In this work,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-04-24 Yu Jin , Pengfei Qiu , Chunlu Wang , Yihao Yang , Dongsheng Wang , Gang Qu

Timing side channels have been used to extract cryptographic keys and sensitive documents, even from trusted enclaves. In this paper, we focus on cache side channels created by access to shared code or data in the memory hierarchy. This…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-20 Divya Ojha , Sandhya Dwarkadas

Transient Execution Attacks (TEAs) have gradually become a major security threat to modern high-performance processors. They exploit the vulnerability of speculative execution to illegally access private data, and transmit them through…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Bowen Tang , Chenggang Wu , Pen-Chung Yew , Yinqian Zhang , Mengyao Xie , Yuanming Lai , Yan Kang , Wei Wang , Qiang Wei , Zhe Wang

Speculative execution which is used pervasively in modern CPUs can leave side effects in the processor caches and other structures even when the speculated instructions do not commit and their direct effect is not visible. The recent…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-06-19 Khaled N. Khasawneh , Esmaeil Mohammadian Koruyeh , Chengyu Song , Dmitry Evtyushkin , Dmitry Ponomarev , Nael Abu-Ghazaleh

Side-channel attacks on memory (SCAM) exploit unintended data leaks from memory subsystems to infer sensitive information, posing significant threats to system security. These attacks exploit vulnerabilities in memory access patterns, cache…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-09 MD Mahady Hassan , Shanto Roy , Reza Rahaeimehr

Since 2016, multiple microarchitectural attacks have exploited an effect that is attributed to prefetching. These works observe that certain user-space operations can fetch kernel addresses into the cache. Fetching user-inaccessible data…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-08-07 Martin Schwarzl , Thomas Schuster , Michael Schwarz , Daniel Gruss

Transient execution attacks that exploit speculation have raised significant concerns in computer systems. Typically, branch predictors are leveraged to trigger mis-speculation in transient execution attacks. In this work, we demonstrate a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Md Hafizul Islam Chowdhuryy , Fan Yao

Over the last two decades, the danger of sharing resources between programs has been repeatedly highlighted. Multiple side-channel attacks, which seek to exploit shared components for leaking information, have been devised, mostly targeting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-01-28 Daniel Genkin , William Kosasih , Fangfei Liu , Anna Trikalinou , Thomas Unterluggauer , Yuval Yarom

We present a software approach to mitigate access-driven side-channel attacks that leverage last-level caches (LLCs) shared across cores to leak information between security domains (e.g., tenants in a cloud). Our approach dynamically…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2016-03-18 Ziqiao Zhou , Michael K. Reiter , Yinqian Zhang

Recent studies highlighting the vulnerability of computer architecture to information leakage attacks have been a cause of significant concern. Among the various classes of microarchitectural attacks, cache timing channels are especially…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-02-14 Fan Yao , Hongyu Fang , Milos Doroslovacki , Guru Venkataramani

In the last two decades, the evolving cyber-threat landscape has brought to center stage the contentious tradeoffs between the security and performance of modern microprocessors. The guarantees provided by the hardware to ensure no…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Nikhilesh Singh , Vinod Ganesan , Chester Rebeiro

Side-channel attacks on microprocessors, like the RISC-V, exhibit security vulnerabilities that lead to several design challenges. Hence, it is imperative to study and analyze these security vulnerabilities comprehensively. In this paper,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-06-17 Mahya Morid Ahmadi , Faiq Khalid , Muhammad Shafique

Speculative execution techniques have been a cornerstone of modern processors to improve instruction-level parallelism. However, recent studies showed that this kind of techniques could be exploited by attackers to leak secret data via…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-07-20 Bowen Tang , Chenggang Wu , Zhe Wang , Lichen Jia , Pen-Chung Yew , Yueqiang Cheng , Yinqian Zhang , Chenxi Wang , Guoqing Harry Xu

The recent discovery of the Spectre and Meltdown attacks represents a watershed moment not just for the field of Computer Security, but also of Programming Languages. This paper explores speculative side-channel attacks and their…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-02-15 Ross Mcilroy , Jaroslav Sevcik , Tobias Tebbi , Ben L. Titzer , Toon Verwaest

Accelerators used for machine learning (ML) inference provide great performance benefits over CPUs. Securing confidential model in inference against off-chip side-channel attacks is critical in harnessing the performance advantage in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-15 Sarbartha Banerjee , Shijia Wei , Prakash Ramrakhyani , Mohit Tiwari

Spectre, Meltdown, and related attacks have demonstrated that kernels, hypervisors, trusted execution environments, and browsers are prone to information disclosure through micro-architectural weaknesses. However, it remains unclear as to…

The wide deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) has given rise to strong demands for optimizing their inference performance. Today's techniques serving this purpose primarily focus on reducing latency and improving throughput through…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Linke Song , Zixuan Pang , Wenhao Wang , Zihao Wang , XiaoFeng Wang , Hongbo Chen , Wei Song , Yier Jin , Dan Meng , Rui Hou

We present a new hardware-agnostic side-channel attack that targets one of the most fundamental software caches in modern computer systems: the operating system page cache. The page cache is a pure software cache that contains all…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-01-07 Daniel Gruss , Erik Kraft , Trishita Tiwari , Michael Schwarz , Ari Trachtenberg , Jason Hennessey , Alex Ionescu , Anders Fogh

The transient-execution attack Meltdown leaks sensitive information by transiently accessing inaccessible data during out-of-order execution. Although Meltdown is fixed in hardware for recent CPU generations, most currently-deployed CPUs…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-09 Daniel Weber , Fabian Thomas , Lukas Gerlach , Ruiyi Zhang , Michael Schwarz

New hardware primitives such as Intel SGX secure a user-level process in presence of an untrusted or compromised OS. Such "enclaved execution" systems are vulnerable to several side-channels, one of which is the page fault channel. In this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2016-01-13 Shweta Shinde , Zheng Leong Chua , Viswesh Narayanan , Prateek Saxena