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Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) represents a promising architecture for advancing millimeter-wave (mmWave) communications. However, its intricate inter-element connections invalidate the conventional decoupled…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-20 Linyu Peng , Tian Qiu , Cunhua Pan , Jiangzhou Wang , Taihao Zhang , Hong Ren

This letter proposes a movable beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (MA-BD-RIS) design, combining inter-element connectivity and movability for channel enhancement. We study a MA-BD-RIS assisted multi-user multiple input…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-13 Shuyue Xu , Matteo Nerini , Bruno Clerckx

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) is a novel branch of RIS which breaks through the limitation of traditional RIS with diagonal scattering matrices. However, the existing research focuses on BD-RIS with fixed…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-21 Hongyu Li , Shanpu Shen , Bruno Clerckx

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) are eminently suitable for improving the reliability of wireless communications by jointly designing the active beamforming at the base station (BS) and the passive beamforming at the RIS.…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Qingchao Li , Mohammed El-Hajjar , Ibrahim Hemadeh , Arman Shojaeifard , Lajos Hanzo

Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS), which enables advanced wave control through interconnection of RIS elements, are gaining growing recognition as a promising technology for 6G and beyond. However, the enhanced…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-30 Xiaohua Zhou , Tianyu Fang , Yijie Mao , Bruno Clerckx

This work studies the wideband modeling and beamforming design of beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS), which generalizes and goes beyond conventional RIS with diagonal phase shift matrices to achieve enhanced channel…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Hongyu Li , Matteo Nerini , Shanpu Shen , Bruno Clerckx

Written by its inventors, this first tutorial on Beyond-Diagonal Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (BD-RISs) provides the readers with the basics and fundamental tools necessary to appreciate, understand, and contribute to this emerging…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-23 Hongyu Li , Matteo Nerini , Shanpu Shen , Bruno Clerckx

In this paper, a channel estimation technique for reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-aided multi-user multiple-input single-output communication systems is proposed. By deploying a small number of active elements at the RIS, the RIS…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-02-09 Gyoseung Lee , Hyeongtaek Lee , Jaeky Oh , Jaehoon Chung , Junil Choi

Recently, beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) has been proposed to generalize conventional RIS. BD-RIS has a scattering matrix that is not restricted to being diagonal and thus brings a performance improvement over…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Matteo Nerini , Shanpu Shen , Hongyu Li , Bruno Clerckx

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) can improve the capacity of wireless communication links by passively beamforming the impinging signals in desired directions. This feature has been demonstrated both analytically and…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-23 Emil Björnson , Özlem Tuğfe Demir

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) improves the traditional reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) architecture functionality by interconnecting elements for advanced wave control. However, real-world…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-10 Jose Carlos da Silva Filho , Josué V. de Araújo , Bruno Sokal , André L. F. de Almeida

Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RISs) are an emerging RIS 2.0 technology for future wireless communication. However, BD-RISs are primarily passive without active amplification, suffering from severe multiplicative…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-17 Shanpu Shen , Hongyu Li , Matteo Nerini , Qingqing Wu , Bruno Clerckx

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RIS) generalizes and goes beyond conventional diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (D-RIS) by interconnecting elements to generate beyond diagonal scattering matrices, which…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-14 Hamad Yahya , Hongyu Li , Matteo Nerini , Bruno Clerckx , Merouane Debbah

Beyond diagonal intelligent reflecting surface (BD-IRS) is a new promising IRS architecture for which the reflection matrix is not limited to the diagonal structure as for conventional IRS. In this paper, we study a BD-IRS aided uplink…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Shuo Zheng , Shuowen Zhang

The channel estimation problem has been widely discussed in traditional reconfigurable intelligent surface assisted multiple-input multiple-output. However, solutions for channel estimation adapted to beyond diagonal RIS need further study,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-05 Gilderlan T de Araujo , Andre L. F. de Almeida

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS)s enhance wave manipulation through inter-element couplings but pose significant channel estimation challenges due to cascaded channels and block-Kronecker structures. This paper…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-02 Daniel Costa Araújo , André L. F. de Almeida

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has gained much traction due to its potential to manipulate the propagation environment via nearly-passive reconfigurable elements. In our previous work, we have analyzed and proposed a beyond…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-29 Hongyu Li , Shanpu Shen , Bruno Clerckx

This paper introduces a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) to support parameter estimation in machine-type communications (MTC). We focus on a network where single-antenna sensors transmit spatially correlated measurements to a…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-28 Sergi Liesegang , Antonio Pascual-Iserte , Olga Muñoz

The parametrization of wireless channels by so-called "beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces" (BD-RIS) is mathematically characterized by a matrix whose off-diagonal entries are partially or fully populated. Physically, this…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-31 Philipp del Hougne

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is a promising candidate technology for the upcoming Sixth Generation (6G) communication system for its ability to manipulate the wireless communication environment by controlling the coefficients of…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-09-29 Haochen Li , Zhiwen Pan , Bin Wang , Nan Liu , Xiaohu You