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The rapid growth in the deployment and scale of modern artificial intelligence (AI) systems has intensified concerns regarding their environmental impacts, yet we still lack a comprehensive view of where and how these impacts arise across…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Katherine Lambert , Sasha Luccioni

The compute requirements associated with training Artificial Intelligence (AI) models have increased exponentially over time. Optimisation strategies aim to reduce the energy consumption and environmental impacts associated with AI,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Clément Morand , Anne-Laure Ligozat , Aurélie Névéol

Recent Machine Learning (ML) approaches have shown increased performance on benchmarks but at the cost of escalating computational demands. Hardware, algorithmic and carbon optimizations have been proposed to curb energy consumption and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Clément Morand , Anne-Laure Ligozat , Aurélie Névéol

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has achieved significant advancements in technology and research with the development over several decades, and is widely used in many areas including computing vision, natural language processing, time-series…

As artificial intelligence (AI) models quickly spread and become more advanced, they are requiring an ever-increasing amount of data and compute capability, leading to a significant energy cost. Training and inference of AI models including…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Anirudh Shankar , Avhishek Chatterjee , Anjan Chakravorty

In recent years, large-scale auto-regressive models have made significant progress in various tasks, such as text or video generation. However, the environmental impact of these models has been largely overlooked, with a lack of assessment…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Zhaojian Yu , Yinghao Wu , Zhuotao Deng , Yansong Tang , Xiao-Ping Zhang

Recent advances in Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly Large Language Models (LLMs), enable scalable extraction of spatial information from unstructured text and offer new methodological opportunities for studying climate…

Applications · Statistics 2026-01-30 Stefano Maria Iacus , Haodong Qi , Devika Jain

This research investigates the potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) models to bridge the knowledge gap in environmental education among university students. By focusing on prominent large language models (LLMs) such as GPT-3.5, GPT-4,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Linda Smail , David Santandreu Calonge , Firuz Kamalov , Nur H. Orak

The rapid adoption of large language models (LLMs) has led to significant energy consumption and carbon emissions, posing a critical challenge to the sustainability of generative AI technologies. This paper explores the integration of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Tahniat Khan , Soroor Motie , Sedef Akinli Kocak , Shaina Raza

As large language models (LLMs) scale in size and adoption, their computational and environmental costs continue to rise. Prior benchmarking efforts have primarily focused on latency reduction in idealized settings, often overlooking the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Jared Fernandez , Clara Na , Vashisth Tiwari , Yonatan Bisk , Sasha Luccioni , Emma Strubell

The development of AI applications, especially in large-scale wireless networks, is growing exponentially, alongside the size and complexity of the architectures used. Particularly, machine learning is acknowledged as one of today's most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Dipanwita Thakur , Antonella Guzzo , Giancarlo Fortino , Francesco Piccialli

Generative artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly used to write and refactor research code, expanding computational workflows. At the same time, Green AI research has largely measured the footprint of models rather than the downstream…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Andres Alonso-Robisco , Carlos Esparcia , Francisco Jareño

This paper examines the recent advances and applications of AI in human geography especially the use of machine (deep) learning, including place representation and modeling, spatial analysis and predictive mapping, and urban planning and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Song Gao

The rapid adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) has generated growing interest in understanding their environmental impact and the challenges associated with designing environmentally friendly ML-enabled…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Heli Järvenpää , Patricia Lago , Justus Bogner , Grace Lewis , Henry Muccini , Ipek Ozkaya

Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) is driving significant environmental impacts. The rapid development and deployment of increasingly larger algorithmic models capable of analysing vast amounts of data are contributing to rising…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Ana Valdivia

AI (super) alignment describes the challenge of ensuring (future) AI systems behave in accordance with societal norms and goals. While a quickly evolving literature is addressing biases and inequalities, the geographic variability of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Krzysztof Janowicz , Zilong Liu , Gengchen Mai , Zhangyu Wang , Ivan Majic , Alexandra Fortacz , Grant McKenzie , Song Gao

Machine learning and deep learning models have become essential in the recent fast development of artificial intelligence in many sectors of the society. It is now widely acknowledge that the development of these models has an environmental…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Lucia Bouza Heguerte , Aurélie Bugeau , Loïc Lannelongue

As AI/ML models, including Large Language Models, continue to scale with massive datasets, so does their consumption of undeniably limited natural resources, and impact on society. In this collaboration between AI, Sustainability, HCI and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Eva Thelisson , Grzegorz Mika , Quentin Schneiter , Kirtan Padh , Himanshu Verma

The widespread use of AI services has raised concerns for its environmental sustainability, towards which recent studies have identified carbon emissions of AI inference as the major contributor. This paper introduces a framework for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Vasilios A. Siris , Adamantia Stamou , George D. Stamoulis , Konstantinos Varsos , Ramin Khalili

As organizations face increasing pressure to understand their corporate and products' carbon footprints, artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted calculation systems for footprinting are proliferating, but with widely varying levels of rigor…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Shaena Ulissi , Andrew Dumit , P. James Joyce , Krishna Rao , Steven Watson , Sangwon Suh