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In quantum computing, Trotter estimates are critical for enabling efficient simulation of quantum systems and quantum dynamics, help implement complex quantum algorithms, and provide a systematic way to control approximate errors. In this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-31 Sarah Chehade , Andrea Delgado , Shuzhou Wang , Zhenhua Wang

Trotterization is a technique that allows one to approximate a time evolution of a Hamiltonian by repeatedly evolving the individual terms of the Hamiltonian one-at-a-time for small time durations. Bounds on the error of this approximation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-28 Reuben Tate , Shamminuj Aktar , Stephan Eidenbenz

Quantum simulation is a promising way toward practical quantum advantage, but noise in current quantum hardware poses a significant obstacle. We prove that not only the physical error but also the algorithmic error in a single Trotter step…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-29 Jue Xu , Chu Zhao , Junyu Fan , Qi Zhao

Trotter-Suzuki decompositions are frequently used in the quantum simulation of quantum chemistry. They transform the evolution operator into a form implementable on a quantum device, while incurring an error---the Trotter error. The Trotter…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-08 Andrew Tranter , Peter J. Love , Florian Mintert , Nathan Wiebe , Peter V. Coveney

Quantum dynamics simulation via Hamilton simulation algorithms is one of the most crucial applications in the quantum computing field. While this task has been relatively considered the target in the fault-tolerance era, the experiment for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-11 Shigeo Hakkaku , Yasunari Suzuki , Yuuki Tokunaga , Suguru Endo

Efficient error estimates for the Trotter product formula are central in quantum computing, mathematical physics, and numerical simulations. However, the Trotter error's dependency on the input state and its application to unbounded…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-28 Daniel Burgarth , Paolo Facchi , Alexander Hahn , Mattias Johnsson , Kazuya Yuasa

Simulating real-time dynamics under a Hamiltonian is a central goal of quantum information science. While numerous Hamiltonian-simulation quantum algorithms have been proposed, the effects of physical noise have rarely been incorporated…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-13 Keisuke Murota , Synge Todo , Suguru Endo

As first proposed for the adiabatic quantum information processing by Wu, Byrd and Lidar [ Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 057904 (2002)], the Trotterization technique is a very useful tool for universal quantum computing, and in particular, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-05 Yin Sun , Jun-Yi Zhang , Mark S. Byrd , Lian-Ao Wu

The accuracy of quantum dynamics simulation is usually measured by the error of the unitary evolution operator in the operator norm, which in turn depends on certain norm of the Hamiltonian. For unbounded operators, after suitable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-05-26 Dong An , Di Fang , Lin Lin

One of the key applications for quantum computers will be the simulation of other quantum systems that arise in chemistry, materials science, etc, in order to accelerate the process of discovery. It is important to ask: Can this be achieved…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-07-05 Ying Li , Simon C. Benjamin

Nonequilibrium time evolution of large quantum systems is a strong candidate for quantum advantage. Variational quantum algorithms have been put forward for this task, but their quantum optimization routines suffer from trainability and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-12 Refik Mansuroglu , Felix Fischer , Michael J. Hartmann

Trotter product formulas are a natural and powerful approach to perform quantum simulation. However, the error analysis of product formulas is challenging, and their cost is often overestimated. It is established that Trotter error can be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-14 Nick S. Blunt , Aleksei V. Ivanov , Andreas Juul Bay-Smidt

Trotter and linear-combination-of-unitary (LCU) are two popular Hamiltonian simulation methods. We propose Hamiltonian simulation algorithms using LCU to compensate Trotter error, which enjoy both of their advantages. By adding few gates…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-31 Pei Zeng , Jinzhao Sun , Liang Jiang , Qi Zhao

The standard approach to universal fault-tolerant quantum computing is to develop a general purpose quantum error correction mechanism that can implement a universal set of logical gates fault-tolerantly. Given such a scheme, any quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-17 Zhuangzhuang Chen , Narayanan Rengaswamy

Quantum dynamics can be simulated on a quantum computer by exponentiating elementary terms from the Hamiltonian in a sequential manner. However, such an implementation of Trotter steps has gate complexity depending on the total Hamiltonian…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-15 Guang Hao Low , Yuan Su , Yu Tong , Minh C. Tran

Digital quantum simulation of many-body dynamics relies on Trotterization to decompose the target time evolution into elementary quantum gates operating at a fixed equidistant time discretization. Recent advances have outlined protocols…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-11 Hongzheng Zhao , Ao Chen , Shu-Wei Liu , Marin Bukov , Markus Heyl , Roderich Moessner

Hamiltonian simulation is one of the most promising applications of quantum computers, and the product formula is one of the most important methods for this purpose. Previous related work has mainly focused on the worst$-$case or…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-04 Langyu Li

Recent work has deployed linear combinations of unitaries techniques to reduce the cost of fault-tolerant quantum simulations of correlated electron models. Here, we show that one can sometimes improve upon those results with optimized…

Quantum simulation promises to address many challenges in fields ranging from quantum chemistry to material science, and high-energy physics, and could be implemented in noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices. A challenge in building good…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-22 Yi-Xiang Liu , Jordan Hines , Zhi Li , Ashok Ajoy , Paola Cappellaro

Although the simulation of quantum chemistry is one of the most anticipated applications of quantum computing, the scaling of known upper bounds on the complexity of these algorithms is daunting. Prior work has bounded errors due to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-05 Ryan Babbush , Jarrod McClean , Dave Wecker , Alán Aspuru-Guzik , Nathan Wiebe