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Membership inference attacks (MIAs) are popular methods for empirically assessing the leakage of sensitive information in the training data through models or statistics learned from the data. The MIA vulnerability is often evaluated through…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Joonas Jälkö , Gauri Pradhan , Ossi Räisä , Antti Honkela

Membership inference attacks aim to detect if a particular data point was used in training a model. We design a novel statistical test to perform robust membership inference attacks (RMIA) with low computational overhead. We achieve this by…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-13 Sajjad Zarifzadeh , Philippe Liu , Reza Shokri

A membership inference attack allows an adversary to query a trained machine learning model to predict whether or not a particular example was contained in the model's training dataset. These attacks are currently evaluated using…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-04-13 Nicholas Carlini , Steve Chien , Milad Nasr , Shuang Song , Andreas Terzis , Florian Tramer

Machine learning models, in particular deep neural networks, are currently an integral part of various applications, from healthcare to finance. However, using sensitive data to train these models raises concerns about privacy and security.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-10 Haonan Shi , Tu Ouyang , An Wang

Recent studies propose membership inference (MI) attacks on deep models, where the goal is to infer if a sample has been used in the training process. Despite their apparent success, these studies only report accuracy, precision, and recall…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-24 Shahbaz Rezaei , Xin Liu

Unlike traditional static deep neural networks (DNNs), dynamic neural networks (NNs) adjust their structures or parameters to different inputs to guarantee accuracy and computational efficiency. Meanwhile, it has been an emerging research…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Pan Li , Peizhuo Lv , Shenchen Zhu , Ruigang Liang , Kai Chen

Membership inference attacks (MIAs) have emerged as the standard tool for evaluating the privacy risks of AI models. However, state-of-the-art attacks require training numerous, often computationally expensive, reference models, limiting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Euodia Dodd , Nataša Krčo , Igor Shilov , Yves-Alexandre de Montjoye

Membership inference attacks (MIAs) have become the standard tool for evaluating privacy leakage in machine learning (ML). Among them, the Likelihood-Ratio Attack (LiRA) is widely regarded as the state of the art when sufficient shadow…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Najeeb Jebreel , Mona Khalil , David Sánchez , Josep Domingo-Ferrer

Recent studies have shown that deep learning models are vulnerable to membership inference attacks (MIAs), which aim to infer whether a data record was used to train a target model or not. To analyze and study these vulnerabilities, various…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-08-12 Chenxu Zhao , Wei Qian , Aobo Chen , Mengdi Huai

A Membership Inference Attack (MIA) assesses how much a target machine learning model reveals about its training data by determining whether specific query instances were part of the training set. State-of-the-art MIAs rely on training…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Yuntao Du , Yuetian Chen , Hanshen Xiao , Bruno Ribeiro , Ninghui Li

In Member Inference (MI) attacks, the adversary try to determine whether an instance is used to train a machine learning (ML) model. MI attacks are a major privacy concern when using private data to train ML models. Most MI attacks in the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Jiacheng Li , Ninghui Li , Bruno Ribeiro

The large model size, high computational operations, and vulnerability against membership inference attack (MIA) have impeded deep learning or deep neural networks (DNNs) popularity, especially on mobile devices. To address the challenge,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-06 Yijue Wang , Chenghong Wang , Zigeng Wang , Shanglin Zhou , Hang Liu , Jinbo Bi , Caiwen Ding , Sanguthevar Rajasekaran

Membership Inference attacks (MIAs) aim to predict whether a data sample was present in the training data of a machine learning model or not, and are widely used for assessing the privacy risks of language models. Most existing attacks rely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Justus Mattern , Fatemehsadat Mireshghallah , Zhijing Jin , Bernhard Schölkopf , Mrinmaya Sachan , Taylor Berg-Kirkpatrick

Membership Inference Attacks (MIA) aim to infer whether a target data record has been utilized for model training or not. Existing MIAs designed for large language models (LLMs) can be bifurcated into two types: reference-free and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Wenjie Fu , Huandong Wang , Chen Gao , Guanghua Liu , Yong Li , Tao Jiang

The usage of deep learning is being escalated in many applications. Due to its outstanding performance, it is being used in a variety of security and privacy-sensitive areas in addition to conventional applications. One of the key aspects…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-05-17 Zhaoxi Zhang , Leo Yu Zhang , Xufei Zheng , Bilal Hussain Abbasi , Shengshan Hu

Membership inference attack (MIA) has become one of the most widely used and effective methods for evaluating the privacy risks of machine learning models. These attacks aim to determine whether a specific sample is part of the model's…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Jing Xue , Zhishen Sun , Haishan Ye , Luo Luo , Xiangyu Chang , Ivor Tsang , Guang Dai

With the emergence of powerful large-scale foundation models, the training paradigm is increasingly shifting from from-scratch training to transfer learning. This enables high utility training with small, domain-specific datasets typical in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Yuxuan Bai , Gauri Pradhan , Marlon Tobaben , Antti Honkela

Most existing membership inference attacks (MIAs) utilize metrics (e.g., loss) calculated on the model's final state, while recent advanced attacks leverage metrics computed at various stages, including both intermediate and final stages,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Hao Li , Zheng Li , Siyuan Wu , Chengrui Hu , Yutong Ye , Min Zhang , Dengguo Feng , Yang Zhang

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are widely adopted to analyse non-Euclidean data, such as chemical networks, brain networks, and social networks, modelling complex relationships and interdependency between objects. Recently, Membership…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Bang Wu , Xiangwen Yang , Shirui Pan , Xingliang Yuan

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed to enable or improve a multitude of real-world applications. Given the large size of their training data sets, their tendency to memorize training data raises serious privacy and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Pedram Zaree , Md Abdullah Al Mamun , Yue Dong , Ihsen Alouani , Nael Abu-Ghazaleh
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