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Computer science class enrollments have rapidly risen in the past decade. With current class sizes, standard approaches to grading and providing personalized feedback are no longer possible and new techniques become both feasible and…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2021-02-02 Loris D'Antoni , Martin Helfrich , Jan Kretinsky , Emanuel Ramneantu , Maximilian Weininger

The use of new technologies in higher education has surprisingly emphasized students' tendency to adopt a passive behavior in class. Participation and interaction of students are essential to improve academic results. This paper describes…

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in using Artificial Intelligence (AI) to automate student assessment in education. Among different types of assessments, summative assessments play a crucial role in evaluating a student's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Dishank Aggarwal , Pritam Sil , Bhaskaran Raman , Pushpak Bhattacharyya

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) plays a crucial role in assessing language learners' writing quality, reducing grading workload, and providing real-time feedback. The lack of annotated essay datasets inhibits the development of Arabic AES…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Chatrine Qwaider , Bashar Alhafni , Kirill Chirkunov , Nizar Habash , Ted Briscoe

Automatic evaluation of essay (AES) and also called automatic essay scoring has become a severe problem due to the rise of online learning and evaluation platforms such as Coursera, Udemy, Khan academy, and so on. Researchers have recently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-17 Tsegaye Misikir Tashu , Chandresh Kumar Maurya , Tomas Horvath

Argumentation is a very active research field of Artificial Intelligence concerned with the representation and evaluation of arguments used in dialogues between humans and/or artificial agents. Acceptability semantics of formal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Zlatina Mileva , Antonis Bikakis , Fabio Aurelio D'Asaro , Mark Law , Alessandra Russo

This paper introduces the concept of the semi-automatic assessment of student texts that aims at offering the twin benefits of fully automatic grading and feedback together with the advantages that can be provided by human assessors. This…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2012-06-29 T. Kakkonen , E. Sutinen

Peer review is a widely accepted mechanism for research evaluation, playing a pivotal role in academic publishing. However, criticisms have long been leveled at this mechanism, mostly because of its poor efficiency and low reproducibility.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-07-18 Jialiang Lin , Jiaxin Song , Zhangping Zhou , Yidong Chen , Xiaodong Shi

We present an approach for testing student learning outcomes in a course on automated reasoning using the Isabelle proof assistant. The approach allows us to test both general understanding of formal proofs in various logical proof systems…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-03-13 Frederik Krogsdal Jacobsen , Jørgen Villadsen

The manual assessment and grading of student writing is a time-consuming yet critical task for teachers. Recent developments in generative AI, such as large language models, offer potential solutions to facilitate essay-scoring tasks for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Kathrin Seßler , Maurice Fürstenberg , Babette Bühler , Enkelejda Kasneci

AI tools, particularly large language modules, have recently proven their effectiveness within learning management systems and online education programmes. As feedback continues to play a crucial role in learning and assessment in schools,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Ievgeniia Kuzminykh , Tareita Nawaz , Shihao Shenzhang , Bogdan Ghita , Jeffery Raphael , Hannan Xiao

Automated feedback as students answer open-ended math questions has significant potential in improving learning outcomes at large scale. A key part of automated feedback systems is an error classification component, which identifies student…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Hunter McNichols , Mengxue Zhang , Andrew Lan

In the realm of education, student evaluation holds equal significance to imparting knowledge. To be evaluated, students usually need to go through text-based academic assessment methods. Instructors need to make a diverse set of questions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Md. Alvee Ehsan , A. S. M Mehedi Hasan , Kefaya Benta Shahnoor , Syeda Sumaiya Tasneem

This study explores the use of artificial intelligence (AI) as a complementary tool for grading essay-type questions in higher education, focusing on its consistency with human grading and potential to reduce biases. Using 70 handwritten…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Francisco Olivos , Tobias Kamelski , Sebastián Ascui-Gac

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) plays a crucial role in education by providing scalable and efficient assessment tools. However, in real-world settings, the extreme scarcity of labeled data severely limits the development and practical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Hongseok Choi , Serynn Kim , Wencke Liermann , Jin Seong , Jin-Xia Huang

The growing integration of generative AI in higher education is transforming how students write, learn, and engage with knowledge. As AI tools become more integrated into classrooms, there is an urgent need for pedagogical approaches that…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Xinran Zhu , Cong Wang , Duane Searsmith

Automated Scoring (AS), the natural language processing task of scoring essays and speeches in an educational testing setting, is growing in popularity and being deployed across contexts from government examinations to companies providing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-18 Yaman Kumar Singla , Sriram Krishna , Rajiv Ratn Shah , Changyou Chen

We explore creating automated, personalized feedback in an intelligent tutoring system (ITS). Our goal is to pinpoint correct and incorrect concepts in student answers in order to achieve better student learning gains. Although automatic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-16 Matt Grenander , Robert Belfer , Ekaterina Kochmar , Iulian V. Serban , François St-Hilaire , Jackie C. K. Cheung

Existing approaches for automated essay scoring and document representation learning typically rely on discourse parsers to incorporate discourse structure into text representation. However, the performance of parsers is not always…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-14 Farjana Sultana Mim , Naoya Inoue , Paul Reisert , Hiroki Ouchi , Kentaro Inui

Automated scoring plays a crucial role in education by reducing the reliance on human raters, offering scalable and immediate evaluation of student work. While large language models (LLMs) have shown strong potential in this task, their use…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Yun Wang , Zhaojun Ding , Xuansheng Wu , Siyue Sun , Ninghao Liu , Xiaoming Zhai