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This document is a pdf version of the series of blogposts about variational quantum algorithms (VQA) I originally posted on my blog Musty Thoughts. It provides an explanation of the basic variational algorithms, such as Variational Quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-27 Michał Stęchły

VQA have attracted a lot of attention from the quantum computing community for the last few years. Their hybrid quantum-classical nature with relatively shallow quantum circuits makes them a promising platform for demonstrating the…

Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) represent a promising approach to utilizing current quantum computing infrastructures. VQAs are based on a parameterized quantum circuit optimized in a closed loop via a classical algorithm. This hybrid…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-10 David Fitzek , Robert S. Jonsson , Werner Dobrautz , Christian Schäfer

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) was originally developed to solve combinatorial optimization problems, but has become a standard for assessing the performance of quantum computers. Fully descriptive benchmarking…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-29 Anthony M. Polloreno , Graeme Smith

Variational Quantum Algorithms (VQAs) are a promising approach for practical applications like chemistry and materials science on near-term quantum computers as they typically reduce quantum resource requirements. However, in order to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-07 Andi Gu , Angus Lowe , Pavel A. Dub , Patrick J. Coles , Andrew Arrasmith

The Adaptive Variational Quantum Eigensolver (ADAPT-VQE) is a promising approach for quantum algorithms in the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) era, offering advantages over traditional VQE methods by reducing circuit depth and…

For a large number of tasks, quantum computing demonstrates the potential for exponential acceleration over classical computing. In the NISQ era, variable-component subcircuits enable applications of quantum computing. To reduce the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-12 Junhan Qin

There has been much recent interest in near-term applications of quantum computers, i.e., using quantum circuits that have short decoherence times due to hardware limitations. Variational quantum algorithms (VQA), wherein an optimization…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-16 Vyacheslav Kungurtsev , Georgios Korpas , Jakub Marecek , Elton Yechao Zhu

In recent years, quantum, quantum-inspired, and hybrid algorithms are increasingly showing promise for solving software engineering optimization problems. However, best-intended practices for conducting empirical studies have not yet well…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Man Zhang , Yuechen Li , Tao Yue , Kai-Yuan Cai

Universal fault-tolerant quantum computers will require error-free execution of long sequences of quantum gate operations, which is expected to involve millions of physical qubits. Before the full power of such machines will be available,…

This paper presents methodological improvements to variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) for solving multicriteria optimization problems. We introduce two key contributions. First, we reformulate the parameter optimization task of VQAs as a…

Variational quantum algorithm (VQA), which is comprised of a classical optimizer and a parameterized quantum circuit, emerges as one of the most promising approaches for harvesting the power of quantum computers in the noisy intermediate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-01 Samuel Stein , Yufei Ding , Nathan Wiebe , Bo Peng , Karol Kowalski , Nathan Baker , James Ang , Ang Li

Quantum optimization allows for up to exponential quantum speedups for specific, possibly industrially relevant problems. As the key algorithm in this field, we motivate and discuss the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA),…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-18 Jonas Stein , Maximilian Zorn , Leo Sünkel , Thomas Gabor

Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE) provides a powerful solution for approximating molecular ground state energies by combining quantum circuits and classical computers. However, estimating probabilistic outcomes on quantum hardware…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-07 Senwei Liang , Linghua Zhu , Xiaolin Liu , Chao Yang , Xiaosong Li

With rapid advances in quantum hardware, a central question is whether quantum devices with or without full error correction can outperform classical computers on practically relevant problems. Variational Quantum Algorithms (VQAs) have…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-09 Adelina Bärligea , Benedikt Poggel , Jeanette Miriam Lorenz

We introduce a novel approach to variational Quantum algorithms (VQA) via continuous bandits. VQA are a class of hybrid Quantum-classical algorithms where the parameters of Quantum circuits are optimized by classical algorithms. Previous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Marc Wanner , Johan Jonasson , Emil Carlsson , Devdatt Dubhashi

Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) are a modern family of quantum algorithms designed to solve optimization problems using a quantum computer. Typically VQAs rely on a feedback loop between the quantum device and a classical optimization…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-26 Alexey Uvarov

Variational quantum eigensolver (VQE), aiming at determining the ground state energy of a quantum system described by a Hamiltonian on noisy intermediate scale quantum (NISQ) devices, is among the most significant applications of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-12 Ze-Tong Li , Fan-Xu Meng , Han Zeng , Zai-Chen Zhang , Xu-Tao Yu

Variational hybrid quantum-classical algorithms (VHQCAs) have the potential to be useful in the era of near-term quantum computing. However, recently there has been concern regarding the number of measurements needed for convergence of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-05-13 Jonas M. Kübler , Andrew Arrasmith , Lukasz Cincio , Patrick J. Coles

Variational Quantum Algorithms (VQAs) are a promising application for near-term quantum processors, however the quality of their results is greatly limited by noise. For this reason, various error mitigation techniques have emerged to deal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-10-19 George S. Barron , Christopher J. Wood