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Urban areas, as the primary human habitat in modern civilization, accommodate a broad spectrum of social activities. With the surge of embodied intelligence, recent years have witnessed an increasing presence of physical agents in urban…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Shougao Zhang , Mengqi Zhou , Yuxi Wang , Chuanchen Luo , Rongyu Wang , Yiwei Li , Zhaoxiang Zhang , Junran Peng

We present an integrated approach for perception and control for an autonomous vehicle and demonstrate this approach in a high-fidelity urban driving simulator. Our approach first builds a model for the environment, then trains a policy…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-19 Ali Baheri , Ilya Kolmanovsky , Anouck Girard , H. Eric Tseng , Dimitar Filev

Evaluating the decision-making system is indispensable in developing autonomous vehicles, while realistic and challenging safety-critical test scenarios play a crucial role. Obtaining these scenarios is non-trivial, thanks to the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Kunkun Hao , Yonggang Luo , Wen Cui , Yuqiao Bai , Jucheng Yang , Songyang Yan , Yuxi Pan , Zijiang Yang

Reinforcement learning has steadily improved and outperform human in lots of traditional games since the resurgence of deep neural network. However, these success is not easy to be copied to autonomous driving because the state spaces in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-05-21 Sen Wang , Daoyuan Jia , Xinshuo Weng

Sampling critical testing scenarios is an essential step in intelligence testing for Automated Vehicles (AVs). However, due to the lack of prior knowledge on the distribution of critical scenarios in sampling space, we can hardly…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Jingwei Ge , Pengbo Wang , Cheng Chang , Yi Zhang , Danya Yao , Li Li

Interaction between the background vehicles (BVs) and automated vehicles (AVs) in scenario-based testing plays a critical role in evaluating the intelligence of the AVs. Current testing scenarios typically employ predefined or scripted BVs,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-13 Yining Ma , Wei Jiang , Lingtong Zhang , Junyi Chen , Hong Wang , Chen Lv , Xuesong Wang , Lu Xiong

Autonomous driving system development is critically dependent on the ability to replay complex and diverse traffic scenarios in simulation. In such scenarios, the ability to accurately simulate the vehicle sensors such as cameras, lidar or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-06-26 Zhenpei Yang , Yuning Chai , Dragomir Anguelov , Yin Zhou , Pei Sun , Dumitru Erhan , Sean Rafferty , Henrik Kretzschmar

Simulation is essential to validate autonomous driving systems. However, a simple simulation, even for an extremely high number of simulated miles or hours, is not sufficient. We need well-founded criteria showing that simulation does…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-01-24 Changwen Li , Joseph Sifakis , Qiang Wang , Rongjie Yan , Jian Zhang

Continual learning is essential for all real-world applications, as frozen pre-trained models cannot effectively deal with non-stationary data distributions. The purpose of this study is to review the state-of-the-art methods that allow…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-28 Khadija Shaheen , Muhammad Abdullah Hanif , Osman Hasan , Muhammad Shafique

Classical approaches and procedures for testing of automated vehicles of SAE levels 1 and 2 were based on defined scenarios with specific maneuvers, depending on the function under test. For automated driving systems (ADS) of SAE level 3+,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-05-24 Demin Nalic , Hexuan Li , Arno Eichberger , Christoph Wellershaus , Aleksa Pandurevic , Branko Rogic

Simulation-based testing has become a standard approach to validating autonomous driving agents prior to real-world deployment. A high-quality validation campaign will exercise an agent in diverse contexts comprised of varying static…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Joy Saha , Trey Woodlief , Sebastian Elbaum , Matthew B. Dwyer

Evaluating the safety of autonomous vehicles (AVs) requires diverse, safety-critical scenarios, with collisions being especially important yet rare and unsafe to collect in the real world. Therefore, the community has been focusing on…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Pin-Lun Chen , Chi-Hsi Kung , Che-Han Chang , Wei-Chen Chiu , Yi-Ting Chen

A major challenge in autonomous driving is the "long tail" of safety-critical edge cases, which often emerge from unusual combinations of common traffic elements. Synthesizing these scenarios is crucial, yet current controllable generative…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Yifan Zhan , Zhengqing Chen , Qingjie Wang , Zhuo He , Muyao Niu , Xiaoyang Guo , Wei Yin , Weiqiang Ren , Qian Zhang , Yinqiang Zheng

As self-driving systems become better, simulating scenarios where the autonomy stack may fail becomes more important. Traditionally, those scenarios are generated for a few scenes with respect to the planning module that takes ground-truth…

The recent proliferation of computing technologies (e.g., sensors, computer vision, machine learning, and hardware acceleration), and the broad deployment of communication mechanisms (e.g., DSRC, C-V2X, 5G) have pushed the horizon of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-12-09 Liangkai Liu , Sidi Lu , Ren Zhong , Baofu Wu , Yongtao Yao , Qingyang Zhang , Weisong Shi

High-level autonomous operations depend on a robot's ability to construct a sufficiently expressive model of its environment. Traditional three-dimensional (3D) scene representations, such as point clouds and occupancy grids, provide…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Chad R Samuelson , Timothy W McLain , Joshua G Mangelson

A convolutional neural network (CNN) approach is used to implement a level 2 autonomous vehicle by mapping pixels from the camera input to the steering commands. The network automatically learns the maximum variable features from the camera…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-09-10 Akhil Agnihotri , Prathamesh Saraf , Kriti Rajesh Bapnad

The paper presents the PCGPT framework, an innovative approach to procedural content generation (PCG) using offline reinforcement learning and transformer networks. PCGPT utilizes an autoregressive model based on transformers to generate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Sajad Mohaghegh , Mohammad Amin Ramezan Dehnavi , Golnoosh Abdollahinejad , Matin Hashemi

For highly automated driving above SAE level~3, behavior generation algorithms must reliably consider the inherent uncertainties of the traffic environment, e.g. arising from the variety of human driving styles. Such uncertainties can…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-02-08 Julian Bernhard , Stefan Pollok , Alois Knoll

Procedural Content Generation via Reinforcement Learning (PCGRL) has been introduced as a means by which controllable designer agents can be trained based only on a set of computable metrics acting as a proxy for the level's quality and key…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Sam Earle , Zehua Jiang , Julian Togelius