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Parameter-efficient tuning aims at updating only a small subset of parameters when adapting a pretrained model to downstream tasks. In this work, we introduce PASTA, in which we only modify the special token representations (e.g., [SEP] and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-15 Xiaocong Yang , James Y. Huang , Wenxuan Zhou , Muhao Chen

In real-world applications, domain data often contains identifiable or sensitive attributes, is subject to strict regulations (e.g., HIPAA, GDPR), and requires explicit data feature engineering for interpretability and transparency.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Arun Vignesh Malarkkan , Haoyue Bai , Anjali Kaushik , Yanjie Fu

Due to the cost of developing and training deep learning models from scratch, machine learning engineers have begun to reuse pre-trained models (PTMs) and fine-tune them for downstream tasks. PTM registries known as "model hubs" support…

Deep learning has recently become one of the most compute/data-intensive methods and is widely used in many research areas and businesses. One of the critical challenges of deep learning is that it has many parameters that can be adjusted,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-10-12 JooYoung Park , DoangJoo Synn , XinYu Piao , Jong-Kook Kim

While the enormous parameter scale endows Large Models (LMs) with unparalleled performance, it also limits their adaptability across specific tasks. Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) has emerged as a critical approach for effectively…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Dong Chen , Zhengqing Hu , Shixing Zhao , Yibo Guo

Prompt tuning is a parameter-efficient tuning (PETuning) method for utilizing pre-trained models (PTMs) that simply prepends a soft prompt to the input and only optimizes the prompt to adapt PTMs to downstream tasks. Although it is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-24 Xiangyang Liu , Tianxiang Sun , Xuanjing Huang , Xipeng Qiu

Parameter-efficient transfer learning (PETL), i.e., fine-tuning a small portion of parameters, is an effective strategy for adapting pre-trained models to downstream domains. To further reduce the memory demand, recent PETL works focus on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Haiwen Diao , Bo Wan , Ying Zhang , Xu Jia , Huchuan Lu , Long Chen

Adapting models pre-trained on large-scale datasets to a variety of downstream tasks is a common strategy in deep learning. Consequently, parameter-efficient fine-tuning methods have emerged as a promising way to adapt pre-trained models to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Ahmed Agiza , Marina Neseem , Sherief Reda

Recently, fine-tuning pre-trained code models such as CodeBERT on downstream tasks has achieved great success in many software testing and analysis tasks. While effective and prevalent, fine-tuning the pre-trained parameters incurs a large…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-04-12 Ensheng Shi , Yanlin Wang , Hongyu Zhang , Lun Du , Shi Han , Dongmei Zhang , Hongbin Sun

We propose a novel parameter-efficient training (PET) method for large language models that adapts models to downstream tasks by optimizing a small subset of the existing model parameters. Unlike prior methods, this subset is not fixed in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Felix Stahlberg , Jared Lichtarge , Shankar Kumar

Most downstream adaptation methods tune all or part of the parameters of pre-trained models (PTMs) through gradient descent, where the tuning cost increases linearly with the growth of the model size. By contrast, gradient-free methods only…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Tianxiang Sun , Zhengfu He , Hong Qian , Yunhua Zhou , Xuanjing Huang , Xipeng Qiu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown strong abilities in general language tasks, yet adapting them to specific domains remains a challenge. Current method like Domain Adaptive Pretraining (DAPT) requires costly full-parameter training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Jiaqi Cao , Jiarui Wang , Rubin Wei , Qipeng Guo , Kai Chen , Bowen Zhou , Zhouhan Lin

Fine-tuning and inference with large Language Models (LM) are generally known to be expensive. Parameter-efficient fine-tuning over pretrained LMs reduces training memory by updating a small number of LM parameters but does not improve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Bowen Zhao , Hannaneh Hajishirzi , Qingqing Cao

Low-rank adaptation (LoRA) has become the default approach to fine-tune large language models (LLMs) due to its significant reduction in trainable parameters. However, trainable parameter demand for LoRA increases with increasing model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Seyedarmin Azizi , Souvik Kundu , Massoud Pedram

With the great success of pre-trained models, the pretrain-then-finetune paradigm has been widely adopted on downstream tasks for source code understanding. However, compared to costly training a large-scale model from scratch, how to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-03-16 Deze Wang , Zhouyang Jia , Shanshan Li , Yue Yu , Yun Xiong , Wei Dong , Xiangke Liao

Large pretrained language models (PLMs) are often domain- or task-adapted via fine-tuning or prompting. Finetuning requires modifying all of the parameters and having enough data to avoid overfitting while prompting requires no training and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-11 Zejiang Hou , Julian Salazar , George Polovets

Large models represent a groundbreaking advancement in multiple application fields, enabling remarkable achievements across various tasks. However, their unprecedented scale comes with significant computational costs. These models, often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Zeyu Han , Chao Gao , Jinyang Liu , Jeff Zhang , Sai Qian Zhang

The deployment of pre-trained models (PTMs) has greatly advanced the field of continual learning (CL), enabling positive knowledge transfer and resilience to catastrophic forgetting. To sustain these advantages for sequentially arriving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Liyuan Wang , Jingyi Xie , Xingxing Zhang , Hang Su , Jun Zhu

Post-training has emerged as a crucial paradigm for adapting large-scale pre-trained models to various tasks, whose effects are fully reflected by delta parameters (i.e., the disparity between post-trained and pre-trained parameters). While…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Qiaoyu Tang , Le Yu , Bowen Yu , Hongyu Lin , Keming Lu , Yaojie Lu , Xianpei Han , Le Sun

Large-scale pre-trained models (PTMs) have been widely used in document-oriented NLP tasks, such as question answering. However, the encoding-task coupling requirement results in the repeated encoding of the same documents for different…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Chaojun Xiao , Zhengyan Zhang , Xu Han , Chi-Min Chan , Yankai Lin , Zhiyuan Liu , Xiangyang Li , Zhonghua Li , Zhao Cao , Maosong Sun