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Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used in software engineering to generate, complete, translate, and fix code, improving developer productivity. While most research focuses on the energy consumption and carbon emissions of model…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Sabiya Banu Masthan Ali , Oussema Kirmani , Aroosa Hameed , Syed Muhammad Danish , Gautam Srivastava

Context: Empirical Software Engineering (ESE) faces increasing challenges due to data scale, methodological complexity, and reproducibility concerns. Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as promising tools to support empirical…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Victoria Gomes , Delaney Selb , Fabio Palomba , Rodrigo Spinola , David Lo

Generative artificial intelligence attracts significant attention, especially with the introduction of large language models. Its capabilities are being exploited to solve various software engineering tasks. Thanks to their ability to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Lukas Radosky , Ivan Polasek

While a large number of pre-trained models of source code have been successfully developed and applied to a variety of software engineering (SE) tasks in recent years, our understanding of these pre-trained models is arguably fairly…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-02-09 Changan Niu , Chuanyi Li , Vincent Ng , Dongxiao Chen , Jidong Ge , Bin Luo

The availability of vast amounts of publicly accessible data of source code and the advances in modern language models, coupled with increasing computational resources, have led to a remarkable surge in the development of large language…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Zhou Yang , Jieke Shi , Premkumar Devanbu , David Lo

Large language models (LLMs) and transformer-based architectures are increasingly utilized for source code analysis. As software systems grow in complexity, integrating LLMs into code analysis workflows becomes essential for enhancing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Hamed Jelodar , Mohammad Meymani , Roozbeh Razavi-Far

The advancements in machine learning techniques have encouraged researchers to apply these techniques to a myriad of software engineering tasks that use source code analysis, such as testing and vulnerability detection. Such a large number…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-09-14 Tushar Sharma , Maria Kechagia , Stefanos Georgiou , Rohit Tiwari , Indira Vats , Hadi Moazen , Federica Sarro

Computing systems are consuming an increasing and unsustainable fraction of society's energy footprint, notably in data centers. Meanwhile, energy-efficient software engineering techniques are often absent from undergraduate curricula. We…

Background: Software development results in the production of various types of artifacts: source code, version control system metadata, bug reports, mailing list conversations, test data, etc. Empirical software engineering (ESE) has…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Zeinab Abou Khalil , Stefano Zacchiroli

Reproducibility is a cornerstone of scientific progress, yet its state in large language model (LLM)-based software engineering (SE) research remains poorly understood. This paper presents the first large-scale, empirical study of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Mohammed Latif Siddiq , Arvin Islam-Gomes , Natalie Sekerak , Joanna C. S. Santos

Over the past few years, deep learning methods have been applied for a wide range of Software Engineering (SE) tasks, including in particular for the important task of automatically predicting and localizing faults in software. With the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-02-09 Adil Mukhtar , Dietmar Jannach , Franz Wotawa

Effective ownership of software artifacts, particularly code, is crucial for accountability, knowledge sharing, and code quality enhancement. Researchers have proposed models linking ownership of software artifacts with developer…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Umme Ayman Koana , Quang Hy Le , Shadikur Rahman , Chris Carlson , Francis Chew , Maleknaz Nayebi

Sharing research artifacts is known to help people to build upon existing knowledge, adopt novel contributions in practice, and increase the chances of papers receiving attention. In Model-Driven Engineering (MDE), openly providing research…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-11-16 Carlos Diego Nascimento Damasceno , Daniel Strüber

Recent years have seen the successful application of deep learning to software engineering (SE). In particular, the development and use of pre-trained models of source code has enabled state-of-the-art results to be achieved on a wide…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-05-25 Changan Niu , Chuanyi Li , Bin Luo , Vincent Ng

Does the training of large language models potentially infringe upon code licenses? Furthermore, are there any datasets available that can be safely used for training these models without violating such licenses? In our study, we assess the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Jonathan Katzy , Răzvan-Mihai Popescu , Arie van Deursen , Maliheh Izadi

Replication packages are crucial for enabling transparency, validation, and reuse in software engineering (SE) research. While artifact sharing is now a standard practice and even expected at premier SE venues such as ICSE, the practical…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Al Muttakin , Saikat Mondal , Chanchal K. Roy

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used in software engineering (SE) research and practice, yet their non-determinism, opaque training data, and rapidly evolving models threaten the reproducibility and replicability of empirical…

The availability of large-scale datasets, advanced architectures, and powerful computational resources have led to effective code models that automate diverse software engineering activities. The datasets usually consist of billions of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-15 Zhou Yang , Zhipeng Zhao , Chenyu Wang , Jieke Shi , Dongsun Kim , DongGyun Han , David Lo

Modeling structure and behavior of software systems plays a crucial role, in various areas of software engineering. As with other software engineering artifacts, software models are subject to evolution. Supporting modelers in evolving…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Christof Tinnes , Thomas Fuchß , Uwe Hohenstein , Sven Apel

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used for code generation. However, commercial models like ChatGPT require significant computing power, which leads to high energy use and carbon emissions. This has raised concerns about their…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Humza Ashraf , Syed Muhammad Danish , Aris Leivadeas , Yazan Otoum , Zeeshan Sattar
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