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The stabilizer ZX-calculus is a rigorous graphical language for reasoning about quantum mechanics.The language is sound and complete: a stabilizer ZX-diagram can be transformed into another one if and only if these two diagrams represent…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-01-04 Miriam Backens , Simon Perdrix , Quanlong Wang

One of the leading quantum computing architectures is based on the two-dimensional (2D) surface code. This code has many advantageous properties such as a high error threshold and a planar layout of physical qubits where each physical qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-12-06 Michael Vasmer , Dan E. Browne

The ZX calculus and ZH calculus use diagrams to denote and compute properties of quantum operations, using `rewrite rules' to transform between diagrams which denote the same operator through a functorial semantic map. Different semantic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-26 Niel de Beaudrap , Richard D. P. East

Surface and color codes are two forms of topological quantum error correction in two spatial dimensions with complementary properties. Surface codes have lower-depth error detection circuits and well-developed decoders to interpret and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-10-18 Jonathan E. Moussa

In this paper, we provide two methods of constructing quantum codes from linear codes over finite chain rings. The first one is derived from the Calderbank-Shor-Steane (CSS) construction applied to self-dual codes over finite chain rings.…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2017-04-24 Xiusheng Liu , Hualu Liu

Quantum error-correcting codes with high encoding rate are good candidates for large-scale quantum computers as they use physical qubits more efficiently than codes of the same distance that encode only a few logical qubits. Some logical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-26 Theerapat Tansuwannont , Yugo Takada , Keisuke Fujii

This article presents a novel algorithmic methodology for performing automated diagrammatic deductions over combinatorial structures, using a combination of modified equational theorem-proving techniques and the extended Wolfram model…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-03-31 Jonathan Gorard , Manojna Namuduri , Xerxes D. Arsiwalla

We introduce a high-level graphical framework for designing and analysing quantum error correcting codes, centred on what we term the coherent parity check (CPC). The graphical formulation is based on the diagrammatic tools of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-21 Nicholas Chancellor , Aleks Kissinger , Joschka Roffe , Stefan Zohren , Dominic Horsman

This paper presents a novel approach to quantum architecture search by integrating the techniques of ZX-calculus with Genetic Programming (GP) to optimize the structure of parameterized quantum circuits employed in Quantum Machine Learning…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-21 Tom Ewen , Ivica Turkalj , Patrick Holzer , Mark-Oliver Wolf

This is the second in a series of "graphical grokking" papers in which we study how stabiliser codes can be understood using the ZX-calculus. In this paper we show that certain complex rules involving ZX-diagrams, called spider nest…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-17 Aleks Kissinger , John van de Wetering

We propose a simple decoding algorithm for CSS codes taking into account the correlations between the X part and the Z part of the error. Applying this idea to surface codes, we derive an improved version of the perfect matching decoding…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-11-29 Nicolas Delfosse , Jean-Pierre Tillich

This paper introduces a construction of quantum CSS codes from a tuple of component CSS codes and two collections of subsets. The resulting codes have parallelizable encoding and syndrome measurement circuits and built-in redundancy in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-23 Dimiter Ostrev

CSS-T codes are a class of stabilizer codes introduced by Rengaswamy \emph{et al} with desired properties for quantum fault-tolerance. In this work, we comprehensively study non-degenerate CSS-T codes built from Reed-Muller codes. These…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Emma Andrade , Jessalyn Bolkema , Thomas Dexter , Harrison Eggers , Victoria Luongo , Felice Manganiello , Luke Szramowski

Code-switching offers a route to universal, fault-tolerant quantum computation by circumventing the limitation implied by the Eastin-Knill theorem against a universal transversal gate set within a single quantum code. Here, we present a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-07 Shixin Wu , Dawei Zhong , Todd A. Brun , Daniel A. Lidar

The ZX-calculus is a graphical language for reasoning about quantum computation that has recently seen an increased usage in a variety of areas such as quantum circuit optimisation, surface codes and lattice surgery, measurement-based…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-12-29 John van de Wetering

The ZX-calculus is an intuitive but also mathematically strict graphical language for quantum computing, which is especially powerful for the framework of quantum circuits. Completeness of the ZX-calculus means any equality of matrices with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-18 Quanlong Wang

Fault-tolerant logical entangling gates are essential for scalable quantum computing, but are limited by the error rates and overheads of physical two-qubit gates and measurements. To address this limitation, we introduce phantom…

The surface code is currently the leading proposal to achieve fault-tolerant quantum computation. Among its strengths are the plethora of known ways in which fault-tolerant Clifford operations can be performed, namely, by deforming the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-05-26 Benjamin J. Brown , Katharina Laubscher , Markus S. Kesselring , James R. Wootton

We show how to construct a large class of quantum error correcting codes, known as CSS codes, from highly entangled cluster states. This becomes a primitive in a protocol that foliates a series of such cluster states into a much larger…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-08-17 A. Bolt , G. Duclos-Cianci , D. Poulin , T. M. Stace

Traditional quantum circuit optimization is performed directly at the circuit level. Alternatively, a quantum circuit can be translated to a ZX-diagram which can be simplified using the rules of the ZX-calculus, after which a simplified…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-16 Ryan Krueger