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Recent pulsar timing array (PTA) observations have reported evidence of a gravitational wave background (GWB). If supermassive black holes (SMBHs) are indeed the primary source of this signal, future PTA observations, such as those from the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-01 Kazuya Furusawa , Sachiko Kuroyanagi , Kiyotomo Ichiki

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) are designed to detect the predicted gravitational wave (GW) background produced by a cosmological population of supermassive black hole (SMBH) binaries. In this contribution I review the physics of such GW…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-16 A. Sesana

The measurement of gravitational waves produced by binary black-hole mergers at the Advanced LIGO has encouraged extensive studies on the stochastic gravitational wave background. Recent studies have focused on gravitational wave sources…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2022-02-18 Wenfeng Cui , Fei Huang , Jing Shu , Yue Zhao

We study a new source of stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) from the final collapse of a network of topological defects. Typically, the final collapse is considered negligible for generating gravitational waves (GWs) due to its…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-06-28 Shuailiang Ge

By monitoring the times of arrival of radio pulses from millisecond pulsars, Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs) serve as unique gravitational wave (GW) laboratories in the nanohertz band. To date, the primary astrophysical sources of GWs targeted…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-04-24 Hippolyte Quelquejay Leclere

The stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) can be observed in the nanohertz band using a pulsar timing array (PTA). Here a computationally efficient state-space framework is developed for analysing SGWB data, in which the…

Revealing the nature of the nanoHz gravitational wave (GW) signal recently reported by Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs) collaborations around the world is the next goal of low-frequency GW astronomy. The signal likely originates from the…

Pulsar Timing Arrays are playing a crucial role in the ongoing gravitational wave astronomy revolution. The current evidence for a stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) at nHz frequencies offers an opportunity to discover…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-04-07 Chiara Cecchini , Gabriele Franciolini , Mauro Pieroni

The latest pulsar timing array data reveals evidence of nanohertz gravitational waves (GWs), which have been explained by both cosmological and astrophysical sources. However, current observations lack the precision needed to differentiate…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-01-10 Jing Liu

Results from pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) show evidence of a gravitational wave background (GWB) consistent with a population of unresolved supermassive black hole binaries (BHBs). The observed spectrum shows a flattening at lower…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-11-12 Federica Fastidio , Elisa Bortolas , Alessia Gualandris , Alberto Sesana , Justin Read , Walter Dehnen

Evidence for a low-frequency stochastic gravitational wave background has recently been reported based on analyses of pulsar timing array data. The most likely source of such a background is a population of supermassive black hole binaries,…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2023-07-26 Gabriella Agazie , Akash Anumarlapudi , Anne M. Archibald , Zaven Arzoumanian , Paul T. Baker , Bence Bécsy , Laura Blecha , Adam Brazier , Paul R. Brook , Sarah Burke-Spolaor , Robin Case , J. Andrew Casey-Clyde , Maria Charisi , Shami Chatterjee , Tyler Cohen , James M. Cordes , Neil Cornish , Fronefield Crawford , H. Thankful Cromartie , Kathryn Crowter , Megan DeCesar , Paul B. Demorest , Matthew C. Digman , Timothy Dolch , Brendan Drachler , Elizabeth C. Ferrara , William Fiore , Emmanuel Fonseca , Gabriel Freedman , Nathaniel Garver-Daniels , Peter Gentile , Joseph Glaser , Deborah Good , Kayhan Gültekin , Jeffrey Hazboun , Sophie Hourihane , Ross Jennings , Aaron D. Johnson , Megan Jones , Andrew R. Kaiser , David Kaplan , Luke Zoltan Kelley , Matthew Kerr , Joey Key , Nima Laal , Michael Lam , William G. Lamb , T. Joseph W. Lazio , Natalia Lewandowska , Tingting Liu , Duncan R. Lorimer , Jing Santiago Luo , Ryan S. Lynch , Chung-Pei Ma , Dustin Madison , Alexander McEwen , James W. McKee , Maura McLaughlin , Natasha McMann , Bradley W. Meyers , Patrick M. Meyers , Chiara M. F. Mingarelli , andrea mitridate , priya natarajan , Cherry Ng , David Nice , Stella Koch Ocker , Ken Olum , Timothy T. Pennucci , Benetge Perera , Polina Petrov , Nihan Pol , Henri A. Radovan , Scott Ransom , Paul S. Ray , Joseph Romano , Shashwat C. Sardesai , Ann Schmiedekamp , Carl Schmiedekamp , Kai Schmitz , Brent J. Shapiro-Albert , Xavier Siemens , Joseph Simon , Magdalena Siwek , Ingrid Stairs , Dan Stinebring , Kevin Stovall , Abhimanyu Susobhanan , Joseph Swiggum , Jacob Taylor , Stephen Taylor , Jacob E. Turner , Caner Unal , Michele Vallisneri , Rutger van Haasteren , Sarah J. Vigeland , Haley M. Wahl , Caitlin Witt , Olivia Young

We search for isotropic stochastic gravitational-wave background (SGWB) in the International Pulsar Timing Array second data release. By modeling the SGWB as a power-law, we find very strong Bayesian evidence for a common-spectrum process,…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-03-28 Zu-Cheng Chen , Yu-Mei Wu , Qing-Guo Huang

The NANOGrav collaboration has recently observed first evidence of a gravitational wave background (GWB) in pulsar timing data. Here we explore the possibility that this GWB is due to new physics, and show that the signal can be well fit…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2021-04-12 Wolfram Ratzinger , Pedro Schwaller

Several Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) collaborations have recently found evidence for a Gravitational Wave Background (GWB) by measuring the perturbations that this background induces in the time-of-arrivals of pulsar signals. These…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-06-03 Thomas Konstandin , Anna-Malin Lemke , Andrea Mitridate , Enrico Perboni

We perform searches for gravitational wave memory in the data of two major Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) experiments located in Europe and Australia. Supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs) are the primary sources of gravitational waves in…

The stochastic gravitational wave background (GWB) recently discovered by several pulsar timing array (PTA) experiments is consistent with arising from a population of coalescing super-massive black hole binaries (SMBHBs). The amplitude of…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-12-18 Ágnes Kis-Tóth , Zoltán Haiman , Zsolt Frei

We have begun an exciting era for gravitational wave detection, as several world-leading experiments are breaching the threshold of anticipated signal strengths. Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) are pan-Galactic gravitational wave detectors that…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2015-11-26 Sarah Burke-Spolaor

Pulsar timing arrays probe isotropic stochastic gravitational wave (GW) backgrounds in the nanohertz band but are insensitive to its parity-violating component. Motivated by recent progress in pulsar polarization arrays, we study the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-04-06 Qiuyue Liang , Kimihiro Nomura , Hidetoshi Omiya

Stochastic gravitational-wave backgrounds (SGWBs) of primordial origin offer a powerful probe of early-Universe physics and possible dark-sector dynamics. While most searches focus on the GW power spectrum, additional information is encoded…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-03-18 Martina Ciprini , Maria Lucia Marcelli , Gianmassimo Tasinato

The stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) recently detected by the PTA collaborations could be the gravitational waves (GWs) induced by curvature perturbations. However, primordial black holes (PBHs) might be overproduced if the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-02-13 Keisuke Inomata , Masahiro Kawasaki , Kyohei Mukaida , Tsutomu T. Yanagida