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Deep learning is a powerful tool for whole slide image (WSI) analysis. Typically, when performing supervised deep learning, a WSI is divided into small patches, trained and the outcomes are aggregated to estimate disease grade. However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-20 Yi Zheng , Rushin H. Gindra , Emily J. Green , Eric J. Burks , Margrit Betke , Jennifer E. Beane , Vijaya B. Kolachalama

Multi-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is widely used in clinical practice as each contrast provides complementary information. However, the availability of each imaging contrast may vary amongst patients, which poses challenges to…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-31 Jiang Liu , Srivathsa Pasumarthi , Ben Duffy , Enhao Gong , Keshav Datta , Greg Zaharchuk

Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification with multiple instance learning (MIL) in digital pathology faces significant computational challenges. Current methods mostly rely on extensive self-supervised learning (SSL) for satisfactory…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Hossein Jafarinia , Alireza Alipanah , Danial Hamdi , Saeed Razavi , Nahal Mirzaie , Mohammad Hossein Rohban

In recent years, the integration of pre-trained foundational models with multiple instance learning (MIL) has improved diagnostic accuracy in computational pathology. However, existing MIL methods focus on optimizing feature extractors and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Le Feng , Li Xiao

Multiple instance learning (MIL) has been increasingly used in the classification of histopathology whole slide images (WSIs). However, MIL approaches for this specific classification problem still face unique challenges, particularly those…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-24 Hongrun Zhang , Yanda Meng , Yitian Zhao , Yihong Qiao , Xiaoyun Yang , Sarah E. Coupland , Yalin Zheng

In digital pathology, the multiple instance learning (MIL) strategy is widely used in the weakly supervised histopathology whole slide image (WSI) classification task where giga-pixel WSIs are only labeled at the slide level. However,…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-28 Zhan Shi , Jingwei Zhang , Jun Kong , Fusheng Wang

Whole slide image (WSI) has been widely used to assist automated diagnosis under the deep learning fields. However, most previous works only discuss the SINGLE task setting which is not aligned with real clinical setting, where pathologists…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-31 Weiqin Zhao , Shujun Wang , Maximus Yeung , Tianye Niu , Lequan Yu

Slide-level classification for whole-slide images (WSIs) has been widely recognized as a crucial problem in digital and computational pathology. Current approaches commonly consider WSIs as a bag of cropped patches and process them via…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Doanh C. Bui , Trinh Thi Le Vuong , Jin Tae Kwak

Multimodal classification is a core task in human-centric machine learning. We observe that information is highly complementary across modalities, thus unimodal information can be drastically sparsified prior to multimodal fusion without…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-29 Yi Ding , Alex Rich , Mason Wang , Noah Stier , Matthew Turk , Pradeep Sen , Tobias Höllerer

While Large Language Models (LLMs) are emerging as a promising direction in computational pathology, the substantial computational cost of giga-pixel Whole Slide Images (WSIs) necessitates the use of Multi-Instance Learning (MIL) to enable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Zhenfeng Zhuang , Fangyu Zhou , Liansheng Wang

Histopathology whole slide images (WSIs) play a very important role in clinical studies and serve as the gold standard for many cancer diagnoses. However, generating automatic tools for processing WSIs is challenging due to their enormous…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-28 Jingwei Zhang , Xin Zhang , Ke Ma , Rajarsi Gupta , Joel Saltz , Maria Vakalopoulou , Dimitris Samaras

Vision transformers (ViTs) have been trending in image classification tasks due to their promising performance when compared to convolutional neural networks (CNNs). As a result, many researchers have tried to incorporate ViTs in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Swalpa Kumar Roy , Ankur Deria , Danfeng Hong , Behnood Rasti , Antonio Plaza , Jocelyn Chanussot

In digital pathology, whole slide images (WSIs) are widely used for applications such as cancer diagnosis and prognosis prediction. Visual transformer models have recently emerged as a promising method for encoding large regions of WSIs…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Shuai Jiang , Liesbeth Hondelink , Arief A. Suriawinata , Saeed Hassanpour

Pathology foundation models (PFMs) have emerged as powerful tools for analyzing whole slide images (WSIs). However, adapting these pretrained PFMs for specific clinical tasks presents considerable challenges, primarily due to the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Neeraj Kumar , Swaraj Nanda , Siddharth Singi , Jamal Benhamida , David Kim , Jie-Fu Chen , Amir Momeni-Boroujeni , Gregory M. Goldgof , Gabriele Campanella , Chad Vanderbilt

Multiple instance learning (MIL) has emerged as a powerful framework for weakly supervised whole slide image (WSI) classification, enabling slide-level predictions without requiring detailed patch-level annotations. Despite its success, a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Bryan Wong , Mun Yong Yi

Prompt learning has emerged as a promising paradigm for adapting pre-trained vision-language models (VLMs) to few-shot whole slide image (WSI) classification by aligning visual features with textual representations, thereby reducing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Junjie Zhou , Wei Shao , Yagao Yue , Wei Mu , Peng Wan , Qi Zhu , Daoqiang Zhang

Due to the limitations of inadequate Whole-Slide Image (WSI) samples with weak labels, pseudo-bag-based multiple instance learning (MIL) appears as a vibrant prospect in WSI classification. However, the pseudo-bag dividing scheme, often…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Rui Yang , Pei Liu , Luping Ji

Whole Slide Images (WSIs) are giga-pixel in scale and are typically partitioned into small instances in WSI classification pipelines for computational feasibility. However, obtaining extensive instance level annotations is costly, making…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Jayanie Bogahawatte , Sachith Seneviratne , Saman Halgamuge

Whole slide image (WSI) classification requires repetitive zoom-in and out for pathologists, as only small portions of the slide may be relevant to detecting cancer. Due to the lack of patch-level labels, multiple instance learning (MIL) is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Seongho Keum , Sanghyun Kim , Soojeong Lee , Juho Lee

Recent advancements in computational pathology and artificial intelligence have significantly improved whole slide image (WSI) classification. However, the gigapixel resolution of WSIs and the scarcity of manual annotations present…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Mingxi Ouyang , Yuqiu Fu , Renao Yan , ShanShan Shi , Xitong Ling , Lianghui Zhu , Yonghong He , Tian Guan