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Quantum computing is developing fast. Real world applications are within reach in the coming years. One of the most promising areas is combinatorial optimisation, where the Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimisation (QUBO) problem…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-06 Frank Phillipson , Irina Chiscop

Real-world optimization problems must undergo a series of transformations before becoming solvable on current quantum hardware. Even for a fixed problem, the number of possible transformation paths -- from industry-relevant formulations…

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) requires considered optimization problems to be translated into a compatible format. A popular transformation step in this pipeline involves the quadratization of higher-order binary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-26 Damian Rovara , Lukas Burgholzer , Robert Wille

We use exact enumeration to characterize the solutions of quadratic unconstrained binary optimization problems of less than 21 variables in terms of their distributions of Hamming distances to close-by solutions. We also perform experiments…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-04 Vrinda Mehta , Fengping Jin , Kristel Michielsen , Hans De Raedt

In recent years, formulating various combinatorial optimization problems as Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) has gained significant attention as a promising approach for efficiently obtaining optimal or near-optimal…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-04-14 Kyo Kuroki , Thiem Van Chu , Masato Motomura , Kazushi Kawamura

In this paper, we propose a hybrid framework to solve large-scale permutation-based combinatorial problems effectively using a high-performance quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) solver. To do so, transformations are…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-07-07 Siong Thye Goh , Sabrish Gopalakrishnan , Jianyuan Bo , Hoong Chuin Lau

In this paper we present a novel strategy to solve optimization problems within a hybrid quantum-classical scheme based on quantum annealing, with a particular focus on QUBO problems. The proposed algorithm is based on an iterative…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-04-07 Enrico Blanzieri , Davide Pastorello

Obtaining Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimisation models for various optimisation problems, in order to solve those on physical quantum computers (such as the the DWave annealers) is nowadays a lengthy and tedious process that requires…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2023-07-20 Armin Wolf , Cristian Grozea

Quantum annealing is a promising approach for solving combinatorial optimization problems. However, its performance is often limited by the overhead of additional qubits required for embedding logical QUBO models onto quantum annealers.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-27 Kohei Suda , Soshun Naito , Yoshihiko Hasegawa

This paper presents key enhancements to our previous work~\cite{naghmouchi2024mixed} on a hybrid Benders decomposition (HBD) framework for solving mixed integer linear programs (MILPs). In our approach, the master problem is reformulated as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-23 Anna Joliot , M. Yassine Naghmouchi , Wesley Coelho

The Operational Fixed Interval Scheduling Problem aims to find an assignment of jobs to machines that maximizes the total weight of the completed jobs. We introduce a new variant of the problem where we consider the additional goal of…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Ludmila Botelho , Özlem Salehi

Ising machines, including quantum annealing machines, are promising next-generation computers for combinatorial optimization problems. However, due to hardware limitations, most Ising-type hardware can only solve objective functions…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-10-29 Kazuki Ikeuchi , Yoshiki Matsuda , Shu Tanaka

Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is one of the most short-term promising quantum-classical algorithm to solve unconstrained combinatorial optimization problems. It alternates between the execution of a parametrized quantum…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-11-18 Camille Grange , Marion Lavignac , Valentina Pozzoli , Eric Bourreau

Quantum annealing is a type of analog computation that aims to use quantum mechanical fluctuations in search of optimal solutions of QUBO (quadratic unconstrained binary optimization) or, equivalently, Ising problems. Since NP-hard problems…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-04-14 Elijah Pelofske , Georg Hahn , Hristo N. Djidjev

Mixed discrete-continuous optimization is central to engineering design, where discrete choices interact with continuous fields. These problems are difficult due to high-dimensional, complex search spaces. To tackle them, Quantum Annealing…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Fabian Key , Lukas Freinberger , Mayu Muramatsu , Norbert Hosters

The prospect of quantum solutions for complicated optimization problems is contingent on mapping the original problem onto a tractable quantum energy landscape, e.g. an Ising-type Hamiltonian. Subsequently, techniques like adiabatic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-17 Sebastian Egginger , Kristina Kirova , Sonja Bruckner , Stefan Hillmich , Richard Kueng

Quantum and quantum-inspired optimisation algorithms are designed to solve problems represented in binary, quadratic and unconstrained form. Combinatorial optimisation problems are therefore often formulated as Quadratic Unconstrained…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-27 Mayowa Ayodele , Richard Allmendinger , Manuel López-Ibáñez , Matthieu Parizy

The advent of quantum computing processors with possibility to scale beyond experimental capacities magnifies the importance of studying their applications. Combinatorial optimization problems can be one of the promising applications of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-08-18 Ehsan Zahedinejad , Arman Zaribafiyan

In this paper, we study the computational complexity of the quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) problem under the functional problem FP^NP categorization. We focus on four sub-classes: (1) When all coefficients are integers…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2022-02-21 Hirotoshi Yasuoka

Quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) is a field of operations research that is attracting growing interest due to the recent availability of quantum hardware targeted at solving QUBO problems. However, practical adoption is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Lodovica Marchesi , Amal Nasharti , Michele Marchesi