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Blockchains have popularized automated market makers (AMMs). An AMM exchange is an application running on a blockchain which maintains a pool of crypto-assets and automatically trades assets with users governed by some pricing function that…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-09-16 T-H. Hubert Chan , Ke Wu , Elaine Shi

The asset trading volume on blockchain-based exchanges (DEX) increased substantially since the advent of Automated Market Makers (AMM). Yet, AMMs and their forks compete on the same blockchain, incurring unnecessary network and block-space…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-06-21 Liyi Zhou , Kaihua Qin , Arthur Gervais

The always-available liquidity of automated market makers (AMMs) has been one of the most important catalysts in early cryptocurrency adoption. However, it has become increasingly evident that AMMs in their current form are not viable…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Conor McMenamin , Vanesa Daza , Bruno Mazorra

Automated Market Makers (AMMs) are decentralized applications that allow users to exchange crypto-tokens without the need for a matching exchange order. AMMs are one of the most successful DeFi use cases: indeed, major AMM platforms process…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-20 Massimo Bartoletti , James Hsin-yu Chiang , Alberto Lluch-Lafuente

We consider the impact of trading fees on the profits of arbitrageurs trading against an automated market maker (AMM) or, equivalently, on the adverse selection incurred by liquidity providers (LPs) due to arbitrage. We extend the model of…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-07-24 Jason Milionis , Ciamac C. Moallemi , Tim Roughgarden

Automated market makers (AMMs) are one of the most prominent decentralized finance (DeFi) applications. AMMs allow users to trade different types of crypto-tokens, without the need to find a counter-party. There are several implementations…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Massimo Bartoletti , James Hsin-yu Chiang , Alberto Lluch-Lafuente

In the ever evolving landscape of decentralized finance automated market makers (AMMs) play a key role: they provide a market place for trading assets in a decentralized manner. For so-called bluechip pairs, arbitrage activity provides a…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-05-16 Abe Alexander , Lars Fritz

Automated Market Makers (AMMs) are a cornerstone of decentralized finance. They are smart contracts (stateful programs) running on blockchains. They enable virtual token exchange: traders swap tokens with the AMM for a fee, while liquidity…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Hongyin Chen , Amit Vaisman , Ittay Eyal

Automated Market Makers (AMMs) are essential to decentralized finance, offering continuous liquidity and enabling intermediary-free trading on blockchains. However, participants in AMMs are vulnerable to Maximal Extractable Value (MEV)…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Mengqian Zhang , Sen Yang , Fan Zhang

Automated market makers (AMMs) have emerged as the dominant market mechanism for trading on decentralized exchanges implemented on blockchains. This paper presents a single mechanism that targets two important unsolved problems for AMMs:…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2025-02-13 Austin Adams , Ciamac C. Moallemi , Sara Reynolds , Dan Robinson

In the ever evolving landscape of decentralized finance automated market makers (AMMs) play a key role: they provide a market place for trading assets in a decentralized manner. For so-called bluechip pairs, arbitrage activity provides a…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-05-16 Abe Alexander , Lars Fritz

Arbitrage can arise from the simultaneous purchase and sale of the same asset in different markets in order to profit from a difference in its price. This work systematically reviews arbitrage opportunities between Automated Market Makers…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Krzysztof Gogol , Johnnatan Messias , Deborah Miori , Claudio Tessone , Benjamin Livshits

We investigate the market microstructure of Automated Market Makers (AMMs), the most prominent type of blockchain-based decentralized exchanges. We show that the order execution mechanism yields token value loss for liquidity providers if…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2021-07-22 Agostino Capponi , Ruizhe Jia

Predatory trading bots lurking in Ethereum's mempool present invisible taxation of traders on automated market makers (AMMs). AMM traders specify a slippage tolerance to indicate the maximum price movement they are willing to accept. This…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-03-03 Lioba Heimbach , Roger Wattenhofer

Automated Market Makers (AMMs) are a central component of decentralized exchanges, yet their equilibrium foundations and microeconomic mechanisms remain incompletely understood. This paper develops a dynamic equilibrium framework for…

General Economics · Economics 2026-03-10 Chengqi Zang , Zhenghui Wang , Weitong Zhang

We consider the market microstructure of automated market makers (AMMs) from the perspective of liquidity providers (LPs). Our central contribution is a ``Black-Scholes formula for AMMs''. We identify the main adverse selection cost…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2024-05-29 Jason Milionis , Ciamac C. Moallemi , Tim Roughgarden , Anthony Lee Zhang

This paper presents the results of a comprehensive empirical study of losses to arbitrageurs (following the formalization of loss-versus-rebalancing by [Milionis et al., 2022]) incurred by liquidity providers on automated market makers…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Robin Fritsch , Andrea Canidio

We introduce a new class of automated market maker (AMM), the \emph{partially active automated market maker} (PA-AMM). PA-AMM divides its reserves into two parts, the active and the passive parts, and uses only the active part for trading.…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2026-02-11 Sunghun Ko

Consider a finite set of trade orders and automated market makers (AMMs) at some state. We propose a solution to the problem of finding an equilibrium price vector to execute all the orders jointly with corresponding optimal AMMs swaps. The…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2024-01-02 Sergio A. Yuhjtman

Automated market makers (AMMs) are a new prototype of decentralised exchanges which are revolutionising market interactions. The majority of AMMs are constant product markets (CPMs) where exchange rates are set by a trading function. This…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2025-06-19 Álvaro Cartea , Fayçal Drissi , Marcello Monga
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