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We report the experimental resource-efficient implementation of the variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) using four-dimensional photonic quantum states of single-photons. The four-dimensional quantum states are implemented by utilizing…

The variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) and its variants, which is a method for finding eigenstates and eigenenergies of a given Hamiltonian, are appealing applications of near-term quantum computers. Although the eigenenergies are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-02-12 Kosuke Mitarai , Yuya O. Nakagawa , Wataru Mizukami

Hybrid algorithms that combine quantum and classical resources have become commonplace in quantum computing. The variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) is routinely used to solve prototype problems. Currently, hybrid algorithms use no more…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-27 Manpreet Singh Jattana

Classical simulation of molecular systems is limited by exponential scaling, a hurdle quantum algorithms like Variational Quantum Eigensolvers (VQEs) aim to overcome. Although ADAPT-VQE enhances VQEs by dynamically building ans\"atze, it…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-23 Tatiana A. Bespalova , Oumaya Ladhari , Guido Masella

The variational approach is a cornerstone of computational physics, considering both conventional and quantum computing computational platforms. The variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) algorithm aims to prepare the ground state of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-16 Nikita Astrakhantsev , Guglielmo Mazzola , Ivano Tavernelli , Giuseppe Carleo

The Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE) is one the most perspective algorithms for simulation of quantum many body physics that have recently attached a lot of attention and believed would be practical for implementation on the near term…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-05-03 Belozerova Polina , Shangareev Arthur , Zotov Yuriy , Yung Manhong , lv Dingshun

This work studies the variational quantum eigensolver algorithm, designed to determine the ground state of a quantum mechanical system by combining classical and quantum hardware. Methods of reducing the number of required qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-01 R. J. P. T. de Keijzer , V. E. Colussi , B. Škorić , S. J. J. M. F. Kokkelmans

By design, the variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) strives to recover the lowest-energy eigenvalue of a given Hamiltonian by preparing quantum states guided by the variational principle. In practice, the prepared quantum state is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-29 Daniel Claudino , Jerimiah Wright , Alexander J. McCaskey , Travis S. Humble

Variational approaches, such as variational Monte Carlo (VMC) or the variational quantum eigensolver (VQE), are powerful techniques to tackle the ground-state many-electron problem. Often, the family of variational states is not invariant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-10 Javier Robledo Moreno , Jeffrey Cohn , Dries Sels , Mario Motta

A programmable quantum device that has a large number of qubits without fault-tolerance has emerged recently. Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE) is one of the most promising ways to utilize the computational power of such devices to…

This paper presents a hybrid quantum-classical approach to prime factorization. The proposed algorithm is based on the Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE), which employs a classical optimizer to find the ground state of a given…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-21 Mona Sobhani , Yahui Chai , Tobias Hartung , Karl Jansen

Finding the ground-state energy of molecules is an important and challenging computational problem for which quantum computing can potentially find efficient solutions. The variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) is a quantum algorithm that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-15 Daniel Yoffe , Amir Natan , Adi Makmal

Harnessing the full power of nascent quantum processors requires the efficient management of a limited number of quantum bits with finite lifetime. Hybrid algorithms leveraging classical resources have demonstrated promising initial results…

Non-Hermitian operators naturally arise in the description of open quantum systems, which exhibit features such as resonances and decay processes, where the associated eigenvalues are complex. Standard quantum algorithms, including the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-01 Durgesh Pandey , Ankit Kumar Das , P. Arumugam

Measuring the state of quantum computers is a highly non-trivial task, with implications for virtually all quantum algorithms. We propose a novel scheme where identical copies of a quantum state are measured jointly so that all Pauli…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-03 Rick P. A. Simon , Zheng Shi , Charlie Nation , Andrew Jena , Luca Dellantonio

Quantum simulation of strongly correlated systems is potentially the most feasible useful application of near-term quantum computers. Minimizing quantum computational resources is crucial to achieving this goal. A promising class of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-14 V. O. Shkolnikov , Nicholas J. Mayhall , Sophia E. Economou , Edwin Barnes

Variational quantum algorithms have shown promise in numerous fields due to their versatility in solving problems of scientific and commercial interest. However, leading algorithms for Hamiltonian simulation, such as the Variational Quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-27 Arthur G. Rattew , Shaohan Hu , Marco Pistoia , Richard Chen , Steve Wood

We proposed a simple strategy to improve the postprocessing overhead of evaluating Hamiltonian expectation values in Variational quantum eigensolvers (VQEs). Observing the fact that for a mutually commuting observable group G in a given…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-29 Chi-Chun Chen , Hsi-Sheng Goan

The emerging field of quantum simulation of many-body systems is widely recognized as a very important application of quantum computing. A crucial step towards its realization in the context of many-electron systems requires a rigorous…

Atomic Physics · Physics 2021-08-23 Sumeet , V. S. Prasannaa , B. P. Das , B. K. Sahoo

Variational Monte Carlo (VMC) methods are used to sample classically from distributions corresponding to quantum states which have an efficient classical description. VMC methods are based on performing a number of steps of a Markov chain…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-27 Ashley Montanaro , Stasja Stanisic
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