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We study the realization map of deep ReLU networks, focusing on when a function determines its parameters up to scaling and permutation. To analyze hidden redundancies beyond these standard symmetries, we introduce a framework based on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Moritz Grillo , Guido Montúfar

We demonstrate that a very deep ResNet with stacked modules with one neuron per hidden layer and ReLU activation functions can uniformly approximate any Lebesgue integrable function in $d$ dimensions, i.e. $\ell_1(\mathbb{R}^d)$. Because of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-05 Hongzhou Lin , Stefanie Jegelka

Neuronal networks constitute a special class of dynamical systems, as they are formed by individual geometrical components, namely the neurons. In the existing literature, relatively little attention has been given to the influence of…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2015-05-13 Sebastian Ahnert , Luciano da Fontoura Costa

Deep networks often exhibit a preference for "simple" solutions, and such a simplicity bias is widely believed to play a key role in generalization. Yet a broadly applicable, quantitative measure of simplicity remains elusive. We introduce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Tianren Zhang , Xiangxin Li , Minghao Xiao , Guanyu Chen , Feng Chen

It is commonly recognized that the expressiveness of deep neural networks is contingent upon a range of factors, encompassing their depth, width, and other relevant considerations. Currently, the practical performance of the majority of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Xuan Qi , Yi Wei

In this paper, we explore some basic questions on the complexity of training neural networks with ReLU activation function. We show that it is NP-hard to train a two-hidden layer feedforward ReLU neural network. If dimension of the input…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2020-11-05 Digvijay Boob , Santanu S. Dey , Guanghui Lan

We consider the well-studied problem of learning a linear combination of $k$ ReLU activations with respect to a Gaussian distribution on inputs in $d$ dimensions. We give the first polynomial-time algorithm that succeeds whenever $k$ is a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-21 Sitan Chen , Zehao Dou , Surbhi Goel , Adam R Klivans , Raghu Meka

Neural architectures tend to fit their data with relatively simple functions. This "simplicity bias" is widely regarded as key to their success. This paper explores the limits of this principle. Building on recent findings that the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Damien Teney , Liangze Jiang , Florin Gogianu , Ehsan Abbasnejad

Motivated by the growing theoretical understanding of neural networks that employ the Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) as their activation function, we revisit the use of ReLU activation functions for learning implicit neural representations…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-05 Joseph Shenouda , Yamin Zhou , Robert D. Nowak

Deep neural networks, particularly those employing Rectified Linear Units (ReLU), are often perceived as complex, high-dimensional, non-linear systems. This complexity poses a significant challenge to understanding their internal learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Longqing Ye

Some properties of generalized convexity for sets and for functions are identified in case of the reliability polynomials of two dual minimal networks. A method of approximating the reliability polynomials of two dual minimal network is…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Gabriela Cristescu , Vlad-Florin Dragoi , Sorin-Horatiu Hoara

Neural networks with piecewise linear activation functions, such as rectified linear units (ReLU) or maxout, are among the most fundamental models in modern machine learning. We make a step towards proving lower bounds on the size of such…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-05-29 Christoph Hertrich , Georg Loho

In recent years, functional neural networks have been proposed and studied in order to approximate nonlinear continuous functionals defined on $L^p([-1, 1]^s)$ for integers $s\ge1$ and $1\le p<\infty$. However, their theoretical properties…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-04-11 Linhao Song , Jun Fan , Di-Rong Chen , Ding-Xuan Zhou

In this study, we establish that deep neural networks employing ReLU and ReLU$^2$ activation functions can effectively represent Lagrange finite element functions of any order on various simplicial meshes in arbitrary dimensions. We…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-01-15 Juncai He , Jinchao Xu

A technical note aiming to offer deeper intuition for the LayerNorm function common in deep neural networks. LayerNorm is defined relative to a distinguished 'neural' basis, but it does more than just normalize the corresponding vector…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Paul M. Riechers

We introduce a novel approach for analyzing the training dynamics of ReLU networks by examining the characteristic activation boundaries of individual ReLU neurons. Our proposed analysis reveals a critical instability in common neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Wenlin Chen , Hong Ge

In this paper, we investigate the expressivity and approximation properties of deep neural networks employing the ReLU$^k$ activation function for $k \geq 2$. Although deep ReLU networks can approximate polynomials effectively, deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Juncai He , Tong Mao , Jinchao Xu

Mathematical definitions of polyhedrons and perceptron networks are discussed. The formalization of polyhedrons is done in a rather traditional way. For networks, previously proposed systems are developed. Perceptron networks in disjunctive…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2013-11-06 Daniel Crespin

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have garnered significant attention in various fields of science and technology in recent years. Activation functions define how neurons in DNNs process incoming signals for them. They are essential for learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-31 Jianfei Li , Han Feng , Ding-Xuan Zhou

The foundations of deep learning are supported by the seemingly opposing perspectives of approximation or learning theory. The former advocates for large/expressive models that need not generalize, while the latter considers classes that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Ruiyang Hong , Anastasis Kratsios