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A large body of research has found substantial gender bias in NLP systems. Most of this research takes a binary, essentialist view of gender: limiting its variation to the categories _men_ and _women_, conflating gender with sex, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Ruby Ostrow , Adam Lopez

Large language models (LLMs) are widely applied across diverse domains, raising concerns about their limitations and potential risks. In this study, we investigate two types of bias that LLMs may display: stereotype bias and deviation bias.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Daniel Wang , Eli Brignac , Minjia Mao , Xiao Fang

Large language models (LLMs) are becoming pervasive in everyday life, yet their propensity to reproduce biases inherited from training data remains a pressing concern. Prior investigations into bias in LLMs have focused on the association…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Messi H. J. Lee , Jacob M. Montgomery , Calvin K. Lai

With the advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) possessing increasingly impressive capabilities, a number of Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have been proposed to augment LLMs with visual inputs. Such models condition generated text on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Phillip Howard , Kathleen C. Fraser , Anahita Bhiwandiwalla , Svetlana Kiritchenko

With the increasing role of Natural Language Processing (NLP) in various applications, challenges concerning bias and stereotype perpetuation are accentuated, which often leads to hate speech and harm. Despite existing studies on sexism and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Mae Sosto , Alberto Barrón-Cedeño

With the advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) possessing increasingly impressive capabilities, a number of Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have been proposed to augment LLMs with visual inputs. Such models condition generated text on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Phillip Howard , Anahita Bhiwandiwalla , Kathleen C. Fraser , Svetlana Kiritchenko

Large Language Models (LLMs) can generate biased and toxic responses. Yet most prior work on LLM gender bias evaluation requires predefined gender-related phrases or gender stereotypes, which are challenging to be comprehensively collected…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Xiangjue Dong , Yibo Wang , Philip S. Yu , James Caverlee

This paper examines biases in large language models (LLMs) when generating synthetic populations from responses to personality questionnaires. Using five LLMs, we first assess the representativeness and potential biases in the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Jacopo Amidei , Gregorio Ferreira , Mario Muñoz Serrano , Rubén Nieto , Andreas Kaltenbrunner

This paper examines how Large Language Models (LLMs) reproduce societal norms, particularly heterocisnormativity, and how these norms translate into measurable biases in their text generations. We investigate whether explicit information…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Mae Sosto , Delfina Sol Martinez Pandiani , Laura Hollink

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing, yet concerns persist regarding their tendency to reflect or amplify social biases. This study introduces a novel evaluation framework to uncover gender biases in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Evan Chen , Run-Jun Zhan , Yan-Bai Lin , Hung-Hsuan Chen

As modern Large Language Models (LLMs) shatter many state-of-the-art benchmarks in a variety of domains, this paper investigates their behavior in the domains of ethics and fairness, focusing on protected group bias. We conduct a two-part…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Hadas Kotek , David Q. Sun , Zidi Xiu , Margit Bowler , Christopher Klein

Large Language Models (LLM) have made significant advances in the recent past becoming more mainstream in Artificial Intelligence (AI) enabled human-facing applications. However, LLMs often generate stereotypical output inherited from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Wu Zekun , Sahan Bulathwela , Adriano Soares Koshiyama

Social bias is shaped by the accumulation of social perceptions towards targets across various demographic identities. To fully understand such social bias in large language models (LLMs), it is essential to consider the composite of social…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Jisu Shin , Hoyun Song , Huije Lee , Soyeong Jeong , Jong C. Park

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made substantial progress in the past several months, shattering state-of-the-art benchmarks in many domains. This paper investigates LLMs' behavior with respect to gender stereotypes, a known issue for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-30 Hadas Kotek , Rikker Dockum , David Q. Sun

As machine learning methods are deployed in real-world settings such as healthcare, legal systems, and social science, it is crucial to recognize how they shape social biases and stereotypes in these sensitive decision-making processes.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-25 Paul Pu Liang , Chiyu Wu , Louis-Philippe Morency , Ruslan Salakhutdinov

With the growing deployment of large language models (LLMs) across various applications, assessing the influence of gender biases embedded in LLMs becomes crucial. The topic of gender bias within the realm of natural language processing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-04 Jinman Zhao , Yitian Ding , Chen Jia , Yining Wang , Zifan Qian

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in simulating human behaviour and social intelligence. However, they risk perpetuating societal biases, especially when demographic information is involved. We introduce…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Bryan Chen Zhengyu Tan , Roy Ka-Wei Lee

The use of Large Language Models (LLMs) has proven to be a tool that could help in the automatic detection of sexism. Previous studies have shown that these models contain biases that do not accurately reflect reality, especially for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Judith Tavarez-Rodríguez , Fernando Sánchez-Vega , A. Pastor López-Monroy

Large language models (LLMs) reflect societal norms and biases, especially about gender. While societal biases and stereotypes have been extensively researched in various NLP applications, there is a surprising gap for emotion analysis.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Flor Miriam Plaza-del-Arco , Amanda Cercas Curry , Alba Curry , Gavin Abercrombie , Dirk Hovy

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently emerged as an effective tool to assist individuals in writing various types of content, including professional documents such as recommendation letters. Though bringing convenience, this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Yixin Wan , George Pu , Jiao Sun , Aparna Garimella , Kai-Wei Chang , Nanyun Peng
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