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Gating mechanisms have been widely utilized, from early models like LSTMs and Highway Networks to recent state space models, linear attention, and also softmax attention. Yet, existing literature rarely examines the specific effects of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Zihan Qiu , Zekun Wang , Bo Zheng , Zeyu Huang , Kaiyue Wen , Songlin Yang , Rui Men , Le Yu , Fei Huang , Suozhi Huang , Dayiheng Liu , Jingren Zhou , Junyang Lin

We propose the first method to show theoretical limitations for one-layer softmax transformers with arbitrarily many precision bits (even infinite). We establish those limitations for three tasks that require advanced reasoning. The first…

The attention interaction matrix $QK^{\top}$ contains two entangled computations: a skew-symmetric component that redistributes information between positions (routing) and a symmetric component that scales mutual relevance (filtering). We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Shafayeth Jamil , Rehan Kapadia

The original softmax-based attention mechanism (regular attention) in the extremely successful Transformer architecture computes attention between $N$ tokens, each embedded in a $D$-dimensional head, with a time complexity of $O(N^2D)$.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Armin Gerami , Ramani Duraiswami

The quadratic computational cost of the self-attention mechanism is a primary challenge in scaling Transformer models. While attention sparsity is widely studied as a technique to improve computational efficiency, it is almost universally…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Sagar Gandhi , Vishal Gandhi

The self-attention mechanism is central to the success of Transformer architectures. However, standard row-stochastic attention has been shown to suffer from significant signal degradation across layers. In particular, it can induce rank…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Michela Lapenna , Rita Fioresi , Bahman Gharesifard

Since its introduction in 2017, Transformer has emerged as the leading neural network architecture, catalyzing revolutionary advancements in many AI disciplines. The key innovation in Transformer is a Self-Attention (SA) mechanism designed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Yueyao Yu , Yin Zhang

While self-attention has been instrumental in the success of Transformers, it can lead to over-concentration on a few tokens during training, resulting in suboptimal information flow. Enforcing doubly-stochastic constraints in attention…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Ashkan Shahbazi , Elaheh Akbari , Darian Salehi , Xinran Liu , Navid Naderializadeh , Soheil Kolouri

Transformers have recently gained attention in the computer vision domain due to their ability to model long-range dependencies. However, the self-attention mechanism, which is the core part of the Transformer model, usually suffers from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-28 Reza Azad , René Arimond , Ehsan Khodapanah Aghdam , Amirhossein Kazerouni , Dorit Merhof

Transformer-based models have demonstrated exceptional performance across diverse domains, becoming the state-of-the-art solution for addressing sequential machine learning problems. Even though we have a general understanding of the…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2024-06-12 Ángel Poc-López , Miguel Aguilera

Monocular depth estimation is a central problem in computer vision with applications in robotics, AR, and autonomous driving, yet the self-attention mechanisms that drive modern Transformer architectures remain opaque. We introduce…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Vasileios Arampatzakis , George Pavlidis , Nikolaos Mitianoudis , Nikos Papamarkos

Attention mechanisms have become ubiquitous in NLP. Recent architectures, notably the Transformer, learn powerful context-aware word representations through layered, multi-headed attention. The multiple heads learn diverse types of word…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-09 Gonçalo M. Correia , Vlad Niculae , André F. T. Martins

In this paper, we share our reflections and insights on understanding Transformer architectures through the lens of associative memory--a classic psychological concept inspired by human cognition. We start with the basics of associative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Shu Zhong , Mingyu Xu , Tenglong Ao , Guang Shi

The Transformer architecture has revolutionized the field of sequence modeling and underpins the recent breakthroughs in large language models (LLMs). However, a comprehensive mathematical theory that explains its structure and operations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Xue-Cheng Tai , Hao Liu , Lingfeng Li , Raymond H. Chan

Spiking Neural Networks have attracted significant attention in recent years due to their distinctive low-power characteristics. Meanwhile, Transformer models, known for their powerful self-attention mechanisms and parallel processing…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Hangming Zhang , Alexander Sboev , Roman Rybka , Qiang Yu

Transformer attention is typically implemented using softmax normalization, which enforces attention weights with unit sum normalization. While effective in many settings, this constraint can limit flexibility in controlling attention…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Jeongin Bae , Baeseong Park , Gunho Park , Minsub Kim , Joonhyung Lee , Junhee Yoo , Sunghyeon Woo , Jiwon Ryu , Se Jung Kwon , Dongsoo Lee

The Transformer and its variants have been proven to be efficient sequence learners in many different domains. Despite their staggering success, a critical issue has been the enormous number of parameters that must be trained (ranging from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-28 Subhabrata Dutta , Tanya Gautam , Soumen Chakrabarti , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Transformers are state-of-the-art in a wide range of NLP tasks and have also been applied to many real-world products. Understanding the reliability and certainty of transformer model predictions is crucial for building trustable machine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Jiahuan Pei , Cheng Wang , György Szarvas

Transformer-based deep learning models have achieved state-of-the-art performance across numerous language and vision tasks. While the self-attention mechanism, a core component of transformers, has proven capable of handling complex data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Laziz Abdullaev , Tan M. Nguyen

In the current landscape of large models, the Transformer stands as a cornerstone, playing a pivotal role in shaping the trajectory of modern models. However, its application encounters challenges attributed to the substantial computational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-03 Gaoxiang Duan , Junkai Zhang , Xiaoying Zheng , Yongxin Zhu , Victor Chang