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Entity linking is the task of associating linguistic expressions with entries in a knowledge base that represent real-world entities and concepts. Language resources for this task have primarily been developed for English, and the resources…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Shohei Higashiyama , Masao Ideuchi , Masao Utiyama

For both human readers and pre-trained language models (PrLMs), lexical diversity may lead to confusion and inaccuracy when understanding the underlying semantic meanings of given sentences. By substituting complex words with simple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-01 Rongzhou Bao , Jiayi Wang , Zhuosheng Zhang , Hai Zhao

Automatic readability assessment is one of the most important applications of Natural Language Processing (NLP) in education. Since automatic readability assessment allows the fast selection of appropriate reading material for readers at…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-17 Bruce W. Lee , Jason Hyung-Jong Lee

Lexical normalization research has sought to tackle the challenge of processing informal expressions in user-generated text, yet the absence of comprehensive evaluations leaves it unclear which methods excel across multiple perspectives.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Shohei Higashiyama , Masao Utiyama

Natural Language Inference (NLI) and Semantic Textual Similarity (STS) are widely used benchmark tasks for compositional evaluation of pre-trained language models. Despite growing interest in linguistic universals, most NLI/STS studies have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-10 Hitomi Yanaka , Koji Mineshima

Previous approaches to training syntax-based sentiment classification models required phrase-level annotated corpora, which are not readily available in many languages other than English. Thus, we propose the use of tree-structured Long…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-02 Ryosuke Miyazaki , Mamoru Komachi

In computational psycholinguistics, various language models have been evaluated against human reading behavior (e.g., eye movement) to build human-like computational models. However, most previous efforts have focused almost exclusively on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-02 Tatsuki Kuribayashi , Yohei Oseki , Takumi Ito , Ryo Yoshida , Masayuki Asahara , Kentaro Inui

Natural Language Inference (NLI) tasks involving temporal inference remain challenging for pre-trained language models (LMs). Although various datasets have been created for this task, they primarily focus on English and do not address the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Tomoki Sugimoto , Yasumasa Onoe , Hitomi Yanaka

Lexically cohesive translations preserve consistency in word choices in document-level translation. We employ a copy mechanism into a context-aware neural machine translation model to allow copying words from previous translation outputs.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Vipul Mishra , Chenhui Chu , Yuki Arase

Ancient people translated classical Chinese into Japanese using a system of annotations placed around characters. We abstract this process as sequence tagging tasks and fit them into modern language technologies. The research on this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Zilong Li , Jie Cao

Determining the readability of a text is the first step to its simplification. In this paper, we present a readability analysis tool capable of analyzing text written in the Bengali language to provide in-depth information on its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Susmoy Chakraborty , Mir Tafseer Nayeem , Wasi Uddin Ahmad

We introduce a method for analyzing the complexity of natural language processing tasks, and for predicting the difficulty new NLP tasks. Our complexity measures are derived from the Kolmogorov complexity of a class of automata --- {\it…

cmp-lg · Computer Science 2016-08-31 Wlodek Zadrozny

Lexical simplification (LS) aims to replace complex words in a given sentence with their simpler alternatives of equivalent meaning. Recently unsupervised lexical simplification approaches only rely on the complex word itself regardless of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-30 Jipeng Qiang , Yun Li , Yi Zhu , Yunhao Yuan , Xindong Wu

Word complexity is defined in a number of different ways. Psycholinguistic, morphological and lexical proxies are often used. Human ratings are also used. The problem here is that these proxies do not measure complexity directly, and human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Michael Dalvean

Question Answering (QA) is a task in which a machine understands a given document and a question to find an answer. Despite impressive progress in the NLP area, QA is still a challenging problem, especially for non-English languages due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-04 ByungHoon So , Kyuhong Byun , Kyungwon Kang , Seongjin Cho

Word error rate (WER) and character error rate (CER) are standard metrics in Speech Recognition (ASR), but one problem has always been alternative spellings: If one's system transcribes adviser whereas the ground truth has advisor, this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-08 Shigeki Karita , Richard Sproat , Haruko Ishikawa

Sememes are minimum semantic units of concepts in human languages, such that each word sense is composed of one or multiple sememes. Words are usually manually annotated with their sememes by linguists, and form linguistic common-sense…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-06-19 Huiming Jin , Hao Zhu , Zhiyuan Liu , Ruobing Xie , Maosong Sun , Fen Lin , Leyu Lin

In grammatical error correction (GEC), automatic evaluation is an important factor for research and development of GEC systems. Previous studies on automatic evaluation have demonstrated that quality estimation models built from datasets…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-21 Daisuke Suzuki , Yujin Takahashi , Ikumi Yamashita , Taichi Aida , Tosho Hirasawa , Michitaka Nakatsuji , Masato Mita , Mamoru Komachi

Generating semantically coherent text requires a robust internal representation of linguistic structures, which traditional embedding techniques often fail to capture adequately. A novel approach, Latent Lexical Projection (LLP), is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Ziad Shaker , Brendan Ashdown , Hugo Fitzalan , Alistair Heathcote , Jocasta Huntington

The assessment of explainability in Legal Judgement Prediction (LJP) systems is of paramount importance in building trustworthy and transparent systems, particularly considering the reliance of these systems on factors that may lack legal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Santosh T. Y. S. S , Nina Baumgartner , Matthias Stürmer , Matthias Grabmair , Joel Niklaus